FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER SYSTS

Prerequisites: an introductory programming course.
Fundamentals of computer organization and digital logic. Boolean algebra, Karnaugh maps, basic gates and components, flipflops and latches, counters and state machines, basics of combinational and sequential digital design. Assembly language, instruction sets, ALU’s, single-cycle and multi-cycle processor design, introduction to pipelined processors, caches, and virtual memory.

• Department: Computer Science
• TR 11:40 a.m.-12:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Daniel S Rubenstein
  CULPA: 29 Info
• 3 points

BOMBAY/MUMBAI AND ITS URBAN IMAGINARIES

BOMBAY/MUMBAI&URBN; IMAGINRIES

Prerequisites: Permission of the instructor. Enrollment limited to 15. Preregistration required.
Explores the intersections between imagining and materiality in Bombay/Mumbai from its colonial beginnings to the present. Housing, slums, neighborhoods, streets, public culture, contestation, and riots are examined through film, architecture, fiction, history and theory. It is an introduction to the city; and to the imaginative enterprise in history.

• Department: History @Barnard
• W 6:10 p.m.-8 p.m.
• Instructor: Laura E Diamond
  Info
• 4 points

SENIOR THESIS SEMINAR

A year-long course for outstanding senior majors who want to conduct research in primary sources on a topic of their choice in any aspect of history, and to write a senior thesis possibly leading toward departmental honors. 
Field(s): ALL

• Department: History
• M 12:10 p.m.-2 p.m.
• T 10:10 a.m.-noon
• W 10:10 a.m.-noon
• R 2:10 p.m.-4 p.m.
• Instructor: Anna K Danziger Halperin
  Info
• Instructor: Charly J Coleman
  CULPA: 7 Info
• Instructor: Elizabeth Blackmar
  CULPA: 22 Info
• Instructor: Malgorzata Mazurek
  CULPA: 2 Info
• 4 points

HUMAN RIGHTS & PUBLIC HEALTH

Prerequisites: Enrollment in the course is open to 18 undergraduates who have completed at least one core course in human rights and /or international law.
This seminar introduces students to the field of health and human rights.  It examines how to advocate for and implement public health strategies using a human rights framework. It takes note of current international and domestic debates about the utility of a “human rights-based approach” to health, discusses methods and ethics of health-related human rights research, and examines case studies of human rights investigations to explore the role of human rights analysis in promoting public health.

• Department: Human Rights (HRTB)
• T 6:10 p.m.-8 p.m.
• Instructor: Alice W Brown
  Info
• 4 points

INDIAN WRITING IN ENGLISH

Prerequisites: the instructor's permission.
(Seminar). As the great imperial powers of Britain, France, and Belgium, among others, ceded self-rule to the colonies they once controlled, formerly colonized subjects engaged in passionate discussion about the shape of their new nations not only in essays and pamphlets but also in fiction, poetry, and theatre. Despite the common goal of independence, the heated debates showed that the postcolonial future was still up for grabs, as the boundary lines between and within nations were once again redrawn. Even such cherished notions as nationalism were disputed, and thinkers like the Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore sounded the alarm about the pitfalls of narrow ethnocentric thinking. Their call for a philosophy of internationalism went against the grain of ethnic and racial particularism, which had begun to take on the character of national myth. The conflict of perspectives showed how deep were the divisions among the various groups vying to define the goals of the postcolonial nation, even as they all sought common cause in liberation from colonial rule. , Nowhere was this truer than in India. The land that the British rulers viewed as a test case for the implementation of new social philosophies took it upon itself to probe their implications for the future citizenry of a free, democratic republic. We will read works by Indian writers responding to decolonization and, later, globalization as an invitation to rethink the shape of their societies. Beginning as a movement against imperial control, anti-colonialism also generated new discussions about gender relations, secularism and religious difference, the place of minorities in the nation, the effects of partition on national identity, among other issues. With the help of literary works and historical accounts, this course will explore the challenges of imagining a post-imperial society in a globalized era without reproducing the structures and subjectivities of the colonial state. Writers on the syllabus include Rabindranath Tagore, M.K. Gandhi, B.R. Ambedkar, Mulk Raj Anand, Raja Rao, Mahasweta Devi, Bapsi Sidwa, Rohinton Mistry, Amitav Ghosh, and Arundhati Roy. ,
Application Instructions:
E-mail Professor Viswanathan (gv6@columbia.edu ) with the subject heading "Indian Writing in English seminar." In your message, include basic information: your name, school, major, year of study, and relevant courses taken, along with a brief statement about why you are interested in taking the course.

• Department: English and Comparative Literature
• R 6:10 p.m.-8 p.m.
• Instructor: Gauri Viswanathan
  CULPA: 9 Wikipedia Info
• 4 points

WARS OF INDOCHINA

This seminar will focus on the wars that ravaged Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos – the region often referred to as “Indochina” – in the latter half of the 20
th
Century.  This period in Indochinese history witnessed batttles for decolonization, revolutionary struggles, state and nation-building under the Cold War divide, superpower interventions, and fighting at the local, regional and global levels. Introducing students to the current debates in the field, students will become familiar with the rich historiography on this subject. In addition to weekly readings and discussions, students will write a research paper, based on a deep understanding of the secondary literature as well as a thorough analysis of primary sources.

• Department: History
• M 2:10 p.m.-4 p.m.
• Instructor: Lien-Hang Nguyen
  CULPA: 1 Info
• 4 points

MODERN JAPAN: IMAGES & WORDS

MODERN JAPAN: IMAGES AND WORDS

This course relies primarily on visual materials to familiarize students with the history of Japan from the beginning of the nineteenth century through the present. It follows a chronological order, introducing students to various realms of Japanese visual culture—from woodblock prints to film, anime, and manga—along with the historical contexts that they were shaped by, and in turn helped shape. Special attention will paid to the visual technologies of nation-building, war, and empire; to historical interactions between Japanese and Euro-American visual culture; to the operations of still versus moving images; and to the mass production of visual commodities for the global marketplace. Students who take the course will emerge not only with a better understanding of Japan’s modern historical experience, but also with a more discerning eye for the ways that images convey meaning and offer access to the past.

• Department: East Asian Languages and Cultures
• T 4:10 p.m.-6 p.m.
• Instructor: Gregory Pflugfelder
  CULPA: 25 Info
• 3 points

SENIOR THESIS SEMINAR II

Prerequisites: Must complete ANTH BC3871x. Limited to Barnard Senior Anthropology Majors.
Offered every Spring. Discussion of research methods and planning and writing of a Senior Essay in Anthropology will accompany research on problems of interest to students, culminating in the writing of individual Senior Essays. The advisory system requires periodic consultation and discussion between the student and her adviser as well as the meeting of specific deadlines set by the department each semester.

• Department: Anthropology @Barnard
• M 4:10 p.m.-6 p.m.
• 4 points

INDEPENDENT STUDY

If a student wishes to pursue a research project or a course of study not offered by the department, he or she may apply for an Independent Study. 
Application:
 1. cover sheet with signatures of the professor who will serve as the project sponsor and departmental administrator or director of undergraduate studies; 2. project description in 750 words, including any preliminary work in the field, such as a lecture course(s) or seminar(s); 3. bibliography of primary and secondary works to be read or consulted. Please visit the English and Comparative Literature Department website at http://english.columbia.edu/undergraduate/forms for the cover sheet form or see the administrator in 602 Philosophy Hall for the cover sheet form and to answer any other questions you may have.

• Department: English and Comparative Literature
• Instructor: Farah Griffin
  CULPA: 10 Wikipedia Info
• 3 points

ECOCRITICISM FOR THE END TIMES

Prerequisites: the instructor's permission.
This seminar aims to show what an anthropologically informed, ecocritical cultural studies can offer in this moment of intensifying ecological calamity.  The course will not only engage significant works in anthropology, ecocriticism, philosophy, literature, politics, and aesthetics to think about the environment, it will also bring these works into engaged reflection on "living in the end times" (borrowing cultural critic Slavoj Zizek's phrase).  The seminar will thus locate critical perspectives on the environment within the contemporary worldwide ecological crisis, emphasizing the ethnographic realities of global warming, debates on nuclear power and energy, and the place of nature.  Drawing on the professor's long experience in Japan and current research on the aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant disaster,  the seminar will also take care to unpack the notion of "end times," with its apocalyptic implications, through close considerations of works that take on the question of ecocatastrophe in our times.  North American and European perspectives, as well as international ones  (particularly ones drawn from East Asia), will give the course a global reach.

• Department: Anthropology
• W 2:10 p.m.-4 p.m.
• Instructor: Marilyn Ivy
  CULPA: 11 Wikipedia Info
• 4 points

HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

HISTORY OF ENGL LANGUAGE

A language, not a literature, course. Overview of the development of the English language from pre-history, through Anglo-Saxon, Middle English, Elizabethan English, and modern English.

• Department: English and Comparative Literature
• M 12:10 p.m.-2 p.m.
• Instructor: David M Yerkes
  CULPA: 41 Info
• 4 points

FANTASY IN MEDIEVAL ROMANCE

What kinds of fantastic creatures and supernatural wonders fill the medieval imagination? What do these strange marvels say about medieval desires, fears, and beliefs? This course examines the supernatural in medieval romance, the most popular genre of the middle ages. Throughout the semester, we will investigate a wide-range of romances from early Breton lais to modern film adaptations, and we will identify the primary conventions and concerns that define the genre, such as waste lands, witches, demons, chivalry, identity, and sexual desire. We will pay particularly close attention to how fantasy works in these romances, considering what about the genre makes it particularly receptive to magic and what kinds of magical motifs recur throughout romance. We will contemplate how the supernatural works in these romances to articulate other pressing medieval concerns, such as religion, science, gender, politics, and culture. Most of our texts will be in the original Middle English, and you will achieve a proficient reading level of the language by the end of the course.

• Department: English and Comparative Literature
• W 12:10 p.m.-2 p.m.
• Instructor: Jenna A Schoen
  Info
• 4 points

THE MONGOLS IN HISTORY

HISTORY OF THE MONGOLS

Study of the role of the Mongols in Eurasian history, focusing on the era of the Great Mongol Empire. The roles of Chinggis and Khubilai Khan and the modern fate of the Mongols to be considered.

• Department: East Asian Languages and Cultures
• T 10:10 a.m.-noon
• Instructor: Morris Rossabi
  CULPA: 12 Wikipedia Info
• 3 points

INDEPENDENT STUDY-NON AFAM

• Department: African-American Studies, Institute for Research in
• Instructor: Kevin Fellezs
  CULPA: 4 Info
• 1-4 points

UNDERGRAD RES IN APPLIED MATH

Prerequisites: Written permission from instructor and approval from adviser.
This course may be repeated for credit, but no more than 6 points of this course may be counted toward the satisfaction of the B.S. degree requirements. Candidates for the B.S. degree may conduct an investigation in applied mathematics or carry out a special project under the supervision of the staff. Credit for the course is contingent upon the submission of an acceptable thesis or final report.

• Department: Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics
• Instructor: Daniel Bienstock
  h-index: 38 Info
• 0-4 points

UNDERGRAD RES IN APPLIED MATH

Prerequisites: Written permission from instructor and approval from adviser.
This course may be repeated for credit, but no more than 6 points of this course may be counted toward the satisfaction of the B.S. degree requirements. Candidates for the B.S. degree may conduct an investigation in applied mathematics or carry out a special project under the supervision of the staff. Credit for the course is contingent upon the submission of an acceptable thesis or final report.

• Department: Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics
• 0-4 points

UNDERGRAD RES IN APPLIED MATH

Prerequisites: Written permission from instructor and approval from adviser.
This course may be repeated for credit, but no more than 6 points of this course may be counted toward the satisfaction of the B.S. degree requirements. Candidates for the B.S. degree may conduct an investigation in applied mathematics or carry out a special project under the supervision of the staff. Credit for the course is contingent upon the submission of an acceptable thesis or final report.

• Department: Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics
• Instructor: Qiang Du
  Wikipedia h-index: 67 Info
• Instructor: Eitan Grinspun
  CULPA: 10 Info
• Instructor: Kyle Mandli
  h-index: 14 Info
• Instructor: Lorenzo M Polvani
  CULPA: 6 h-index: 69 Info
• Instructor: Adam H Sobel
  CULPA: 6 Wikipedia Info
• Instructor: Marc W Spiegelman
  CULPA: 15 Info
• Instructor: Michael K Tippett
  CULPA: 8 h-index: 43 Info
• Instructor: Michael I Weinstein
  CULPA: 2 h-index: 47 Info
• Instructor: Renata M Wentzcovitch
  Info
• Instructor: chris wiggins
  CULPA: 12 Wikipedia h-index: 34 Info
• Instructor: Donsub Rim
  Info
• Instructor: Francesco Volpe
  Info
• 0-4 points

UNDERGRAD RESRCH-APPLD PHYSICS

Prerequisites: Written permission from instructor and approval from adviser.
This course may be repeated for credit, but no more than 6 points of this course may be counted toward the satisfaction of the B.S. degree requirements. Candidates for the B.S. degree may conduct an investigation in applied physics or carry out a special project under the supervision of the staff. Credit for the course is contingent upon the submission of an acceptable thesis or final report.

• Department: Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics
• Instructor: Allen H Boozer
  CULPA: 2 Wikipedia Info
• Instructor: Andrew Cole
  CULPA: 2 Info
• Instructor: Alexander Gaeta
  Wikipedia h-index: 89 Info
• Instructor: Oleg Gang
  h-index: 45 Info
• Instructor: Irving P Herman
  CULPA: 11 Wikipedia h-index: 50 Info
• Instructor: Michael E Mauel
  CULPA: 9 Info
• Instructor: Gerald A Navratil
  CULPA: 2 h-index: 46 Info
• Instructor: Kui Ren
  CULPA: 2 Info
• Instructor: Aron Pinczuk
  Wikipedia Info
• 0-4 points

UNDERGRAD RESRCH-APPLD PHYSICS

Prerequisites: Written permission from instructor and approval from adviser.
This course may be repeated for credit, but no more than 6 points of this course may be counted toward the satisfaction of the B.S. degree requirements. Candidates for the B.S. degree may conduct an investigation in applied physics or carry out a special project under the supervision of the staff. Credit for the course is contingent upon the submission of an acceptable thesis or final report.

• Department: Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics
• 0-4 points

UNDERGRAD RESRCH-APPLD PHYSICS

Prerequisites: Written permission from instructor and approval from adviser.
This course may be repeated for credit, but no more than 6 points of this course may be counted toward the satisfaction of the B.S. degree requirements. Candidates for the B.S. degree may conduct an investigation in applied physics or carry out a special project under the supervision of the staff. Credit for the course is contingent upon the submission of an acceptable thesis or final report.

• Department: Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics
• Instructor: Latha Venkataraman
  CULPA: 4 Wikipedia h-index: 55 Info
• Instructor: Francesco Volpe
  Info
• Instructor: Renata M Wentzcovitch
  Info
• Instructor: Yuan Yang
  h-index: 49 Info
• 0-4 points

UNDERGRAD RESRCH-APPLD PHYSICS

Prerequisites: Written permission from instructor and approval from adviser.
This course may be repeated for credit, but no more than 6 points of this course may be counted toward the satisfaction of the B.S. degree requirements. Candidates for the B.S. degree may conduct an investigation in applied physics or carry out a special project under the supervision of the staff. Credit for the course is contingent upon the submission of an acceptable thesis or final report.

• Department: Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics
• Instructor: Nanfang Yu
  h-index: 48 Info
• 0-4 points

UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT

Candidates for the B.S. degree may conduct an investigation of some problem in chemical engineering or applied chemistry or carry out a special project under the supervision of the staff.  Credit for the course is contingent upon the submission of an acceptable thesis or final report.  No more than 6 points in this course may be counted toward the satisfaction of the B.S. degree requirements.

• Department: Chemical Engineering
• Instructor: Scott Banta
  CULPA: 1 h-index: 36 Info
• Instructor: Kyle Bishop
  h-index: 42 Info
• Instructor: Christopher M Boyce
  h-index: 17 Info
• Instructor: Jingguang Chen
  Wikipedia h-index: 89 Info
• Instructor: Christopher J Durning
  CULPA: 3 Info
• Instructor: Daniel Esposito
  h-index: 22 Info
• Instructor: Oleg Gang
  h-index: 45 Info
• Instructor: Jingyue Ju
  h-index: 77 Info
• Instructor: Sanat Kumar
  CULPA: 4 h-index: 79 Info
• Instructor: Edward F Leonard
  CULPA: 9 Info
• Instructor: Lauren E Marbella
  Info
• Instructor: Vivian F McNeill
  Info
• Instructor: Allie Obermeyer
  h-index: 16 Info
• Instructor: Ben O'Shaughnessy
  CULPA: 3 Info
• Instructor: Ah-Hyung Alissa Park
  Info
• Instructor: Dan Steingart
  CULPA: 1 Wikipedia h-index: 36 Info
• 0-6 points

UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT

Candidates for the B.S. degree may conduct an investigation of some problem in chemical engineering or applied chemistry or carry out a special project under the supervision of the staff.  Credit for the course is contingent upon the submission of an acceptable thesis or final report.  No more than 6 points in this course may be counted toward the satisfaction of the B.S. degree requirements.

• Department: Chemical Engineering
• Instructor: Alexander Urban
  h-index: 24 Info
• Instructor: Venkat Venkatasubramanian
  h-index: 58 Info
• 0-6 points

INTRO TO ICLS

Introduction to concepts and methods of comparative literature in cross-disciplinary and global context. Topics may include: oral, print, and visual culture; epic, novel, and nation; literature of travel, exile, and diaspora; sex and gender transformation; the human/inhuman; writing trauma; urban imaginaries; world literature; medical humanities. Open only to students intending to declare a major in Comparative Literature and Society or Medicine, Literature, and Society in Spring 2017.

• Department: Comparative Literature and Society, Institute for
• T 12:10 p.m.-2 p.m.
• Instructor: Stathis Gourgouris
  CULPA: 4 Wikipedia Info
• 3 points

UNDERGRAD RES-ENVIRONMTL ENGIN

This course may be repeated for credit, but no more than 3 points of this course may be counted towards the satisfaction of the B. S. degree requirements. Candidates for the B.S. degree may conduct an investigation in Earth and Environmental Engineering, or carry out a special project under the supervision of EAEE faculty. Credit for the course is contingent on the submission of an acceptable thesis or final report. This course cannot substitute for the Undergraduate design project (EAEE E3999x or EAEE E3999y)

• Department: Earth and Environmental Engineering
• Instructor: Kartik Chandran
  CULPA: 4 Wikipedia h-index: 51 Info
• Instructor: Xi Chen
  CULPA: 7 Wikipedia h-index: 64 Info
• 0-3 points

UNDERGRAD RES-ENVIRONMTL ENGIN

This course may be repeated for credit, but no more than 3 points of this course may be counted towards the satisfaction of the B. S. degree requirements. Candidates for the B.S. degree may conduct an investigation in Earth and Environmental Engineering, or carry out a special project under the supervision of EAEE faculty. Credit for the course is contingent on the submission of an acceptable thesis or final report. This course cannot substitute for the Undergraduate design project (EAEE E3999x or EAEE E3999y)

• Department: Earth and Environmental Engineering
• 0-3 points

UNDERGRAD RES-ENVIRONMTL ENGIN

This course may be repeated for credit, but no more than 3 points of this course may be counted towards the satisfaction of the B. S. degree requirements. Candidates for the B.S. degree may conduct an investigation in Earth and Environmental Engineering, or carry out a special project under the supervision of EAEE faculty. Credit for the course is contingent on the submission of an acceptable thesis or final report. This course cannot substitute for the Undergraduate design project (EAEE E3999x or EAEE E3999y)

• Department: Earth and Environmental Engineering
• Instructor: Robert Farrauto
  h-index: 52 Info
• Instructor: Vasilis Fthenakis
  CULPA: 2 h-index: 55 Info
• Instructor: Pierre Gentine
  CULPA: 1 h-index: 43 Info
• 0-3 points

UNDERGRAD RES-ENVIRONMTL ENGIN

This course may be repeated for credit, but no more than 3 points of this course may be counted towards the satisfaction of the B. S. degree requirements. Candidates for the B.S. degree may conduct an investigation in Earth and Environmental Engineering, or carry out a special project under the supervision of EAEE faculty. Credit for the course is contingent on the submission of an acceptable thesis or final report. This course cannot substitute for the Undergraduate design project (EAEE E3999x or EAEE E3999y)

• Department: Earth and Environmental Engineering
• Instructor: Upmanu Lall
  CULPA: 13 Wikipedia h-index: 68 Info
• 0-3 points

UNDERGRAD RES-ENVIRONMTL ENGIN

This course may be repeated for credit, but no more than 3 points of this course may be counted towards the satisfaction of the B. S. degree requirements. Candidates for the B.S. degree may conduct an investigation in Earth and Environmental Engineering, or carry out a special project under the supervision of EAEE faculty. Credit for the course is contingent on the submission of an acceptable thesis or final report. This course cannot substitute for the Undergraduate design project (EAEE E3999x or EAEE E3999y)

• Department: Earth and Environmental Engineering
• Instructor: Wade McGillis
  h-index: 44 Info
• Instructor: Ah-Hyung Alissa Park
  Info
• 0-3 points

UNDERGRAD RES-ENVIRONMTL ENGIN

This course may be repeated for credit, but no more than 3 points of this course may be counted towards the satisfaction of the B. S. degree requirements. Candidates for the B.S. degree may conduct an investigation in Earth and Environmental Engineering, or carry out a special project under the supervision of EAEE faculty. Credit for the course is contingent on the submission of an acceptable thesis or final report. This course cannot substitute for the Undergraduate design project (EAEE E3999x or EAEE E3999y)

• Department: Earth and Environmental Engineering
• 0-3 points

UNDERGRAD RES-ENVIRONMTL ENGIN

This course may be repeated for credit, but no more than 3 points of this course may be counted towards the satisfaction of the B. S. degree requirements. Candidates for the B.S. degree may conduct an investigation in Earth and Environmental Engineering, or carry out a special project under the supervision of EAEE faculty. Credit for the course is contingent on the submission of an acceptable thesis or final report. This course cannot substitute for the Undergraduate design project (EAEE E3999x or EAEE E3999y)

• Department: Earth and Environmental Engineering
• Instructor: Ponisseril Somasundaran
  CULPA: 2 Wikipedia h-index: 82 Info
• Instructor: Nickolas Themelis
  h-index: 44 Info
• Instructor: Yin Yip Ngai
  h-index: 26 Info
• Instructor: Alan West
  CULPA: 3 h-index: 48 Info
• 0-3 points

UNDERGRAD RESEARCH OR PROJECT

Prerequisites:
approval by a faculty member who agrees to supervise the work.

Independent work involving experiments, computer programming, analytical investigation, or engineering design.

• Department: Industrial Engineering and Operations Research
• Instructor: Shipra Agrawal
  h-index: 24 Info
• Instructor: Daniel Bienstock
  h-index: 38 Info
• Instructor: Agostino Capponi
  h-index: 19 Info
• Instructor: Emanuel Derman
  CULPA: 1 Wikipedia h-index: 30 Info
• Instructor: Antonius B Dieker
  CULPA: 10 h-index: 19 Info
• Instructor: Adam N Elmachtoub
  CULPA: 1 h-index: 13 Info
• Instructor: Yuri Faenza
  h-index: 11 Info
• Instructor: Donald Goldfarb
  CULPA: 1 Wikipedia h-index: 55 Info
• Instructor: Vineet Goyal
  h-index: 21 Info
• Instructor: Ali Hirsa
  h-index: 8 Info
• Instructor: Garud Iyengar
  CULPA: 6 h-index: 30 Info
• Instructor: Hardeep Johar
  Info
• Instructor: Soulaymane Kachani
  CULPA: 12 Info
• Instructor: Daniel Lacker
  CULPA: 4 h-index: 13 Info
• Instructor: Henry Lam
  h-index: 17 Info
• Instructor: Dylan Possamai
  CULPA: 1 Info
• Instructor: Jay Sethuraman
  CULPA: 10 Info
• Instructor: Karl Sigman
  CULPA: 15 Info
• Instructor: Clifford Stein
  CULPA: 31 Wikipedia h-index: 53 Info
• Instructor: Van Anh Truong
  CULPA: 2 Info
• Instructor: Ward Whitt
  CULPA: 9 Wikipedia h-index: 102 Info
• 1-3 points