May be repeated for credit, but no more than 3 total points may be used for degree credit. Only for electrical engineering and computer engineering graduate students who include relevant off-campus work experience as part of their approved program of study. Final report required. May not be taken for pass/fail credit or audited.
May be repeated for credit, but no more than 3 total points may be used for degree credit. Only for electrical engineering and computer engineering graduate students who include relevant off-campus work experience as part of their approved program of study. Final report required. May not be taken for pass/fail credit or audited.
May be repeated for credit, but no more than 3 total points may be used for degree credit. Only for electrical engineering and computer engineering graduate students who include relevant off-campus work experience as part of their approved program of study. Final report required. May not be taken for pass/fail credit or audited.
This course is designed for graduate nurses to provide them with the skills to understand and utilize research evidence in decisions about clinical practice. The course is designed to help graduate nurses articulate relevant practice-based questions, search the literature to identify relevant evidence, evaluate the quality of research on which the evidence is based, and discuss the application of the evidence in clinical practice to improve quality of care.
This course is designed to provide the student with a systematic approach to the delivery of health promotion and disease prevention in primary health care to individuals, families, communities, and aggregate populations.
This core course examines contextual contributors to health status and the current social, legal, and political determinants of healthcare systems, emphasizing the U.S. system. Issues are explored to understand their impact on current and future delivery of health care, in particular on advanced practice nursing. The class focuses on how to bring the professional values of nursing to bear in policy debate and how nurses partner in the policy process to improve health outcomes of populations and quality of the healthcare delivery system.
The purpose of this course is to learn about fundamental drivers of value and risk by analyzing financial statements of businesses in different industries. Every public company provides a lot of financial and operational information in its filings. How can this information be used to evaluate its prospects and its risks?
The course is organized around two themes (1) how to identify relevant information in the financial information reported by firms, and (2) how to draw inferences using sound analytical methodology. To this end, we will review techniques for valuation and risk analysis used by banks and asset management firms. The valuation models you will study in this course are all fundamental models – models that use
financial information and review the fundamental operating characteristics of the company. We will learn to build simple financial models, perform risk analysis and fine tune value drivers. Much of the data comes from the financial statements – but it requires a careful study of arcane footnotes to unearth the information provided by the companies. This is an advanced course that goes into the details of footnote analysis, accounting rules, and financial presentations. This course builds on what you learned in Financial Accounting and Corporate Finance. These courses are pre-requisites for taking this course. It is assumed that you have already taken these courses. If you have not taken these courses you should first talk with me before you register. This course will build significantly on your knowledge from those courses. If your basics are solid and you are interested in learning to read financial statements; if you wish to learn to apply financial analysis; this course is for you. We will use excel to build some of the models – but this is not a course in excel. But, it is highly recommended that
you have a good working knowledge of how to build formulas in excel before you come to this class.
By the end of the course, you should be able to perform a thorough, credible investment or credit analysis that meets a high standard. Students should have the ability to estimate fundamental values, and pull apart the information in the financial statements to get relevant information. This course should be of interest to those contemplating careers in investment banking, security analysis, private
equity, hedge funds, and corporate finance.
Quality healthcare relies on systematic, collaborative, and evidence-based approaches to improve patient outcomes. This course offers students supervised, experiential learning in the application of initiatives to enhance patient safety and care delivery. Students will analyze quality improvement and nursing leadership processes that foster a culture of continuous improvement and innovation.
The MDE e-Portfolio will be a multimedia collection for the individual student learning experiences. It will allow the student to take part in both summative and formative assessments on work done throughout the program while providing a vehicle for personal growth and development. Upon completion of the MDE Program, the e-Portfolio provides the graduating student with a showcase of acquired skills and knowledge to assist with the pursuit of further academic work and/or transition to professional life.
This graduate course is designed to provide the student with the knowledge and skills to facilitate changes in practice delivery using quality improvement strategies. Historical development for total quality management and strategies for implementing process improvement are emphasized. Students will learn how to develop a culture of appreciative inquiry to foster inquisition and innovation. Upon completion of this course, students will design a plan for implementation of a quality improvement project.
The goals of this course are to provide students with an advanced knowledge and understanding of the actions of drugs in order to enable them to use therapeutic agents in a rational and responsible manner in patients. Initially, basic principles of pharmacology will be reviewed, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs by the body. Topics will follow regarding principles of advanced clinical pharmacology. The focus of these lectures will be to demonstrate the therapeutic application of these advanced pharmacologic principles and how this translates into efficacy and potential toxicity.
From the ads that track us to the maps that guide us, the twenty-first century runs on code. The business world is no different. Programming has become one of the fastest-growing topics at business schools around the world. This course is an introduction to business uses of Python for MBA students.
In this course, we’ll be learning how to write Python code that automates tedious tasks, parses and analyzes large data sets, interact with APIs, and scrapes websites. This might be one of the most useful classes you ever take.
Required Course Material
Students must have a laptop that they can bring to class – Mac or PC is fine, as long as your operating system is up to date (at least Windows 10 and Mac OS 11).
This course does not require a textbook. (Optional Reading: Python for MBAs, Griffel and Guetta)
Any required readings will be provided via Canvas.
Slides and files will be uploaded to Canvas after each class.
Students will need to complete an introductory Python class (https://courseworks2.columbia.edu/courses/152704) and pass the Basic Python Qualification exam (https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/courses/python#basic_qual) before the first day of classes.
This course will introduce the DNP student to clinical decision making and evidence-based practice for the provision of primary care to individuals across the lifespan. Utilizing the case narrative format and DNP Competencies as a framework, the student will analyze clinical decisions and apply evidence for best practice. Case studies derived from complimentary practicum that reflect the critical thinking skills needed to diagnose and manage acute and chronic illness will be presented and critiqued.
Students examine the issue of violence against women and families. The demographics of the population, theories of domestic violence, crisis intervention, and short- and long-term clinical issues will be examined, as will service modalities for women victims and survivors, batterers, and their children.
Real estate accounts for one third of the world's capital assets. This course provides students with a comprehensive understanding of real estate valuation, cycles, markets, investments, and decision-making, using modern finance and economics tools. The bulk of the course covers income-producing (commercial) property, although we will discuss residential housing as well. This course provides a unified finance-based framework to answer real estate investment decision-making problems encountered in the real world. Doing so requires a good understanding of the institutional features that differentiate real estate from other asset classes and markets as well as modern finance and economics tools.
The course "Private Equity Finance" focuses on the essential aspects of corporate finance relevant to the private equity industry. It covers topics that are critical for interviews and practice in PE investing. The course follows the "private equity cycle" of selection, valuation, and harvesting. Initially, students learn to evaluate a target company from the perspective of a private equity firm, keeping in mind the needs of investors and management. The course then delves into funding negotiations, deal structuring, and private equity investment management. Classic valuation techniques such as DCF, comparables, and APV are reviewed, along with models specific to private equity transactions (for example, the LBO model). Additionally, students will gain insight into the legal and regulatory frameworks that govern private equity finance and the ethical considerations that arise in this field. Finally, the course concludes with a study of investment exit strategies.
By the end of the course, the student will understand the language of private equity, the solutions available for valuation and deal structure, and the economic frictions that must always be addressed. This course provides a comprehensive overview of private equity finance and prepares students for careers in this exciting and dynamic industry.
This course is an applications-oriented course requiring the student to solve actual problems. After the 2023-24 academic year, this course is a pre-requisite for all 2nd year PE electives offers in the curriculum. The 2023-24 course is not available to students who have enrolled in Foundations of PE I as half of the course material has significant overlap.
Impact investing has emerged in recent years as a high potential approach to long-term sustainable social and financial value creation. Although its basic business and investment theories do not differ substantially from that typical in established capital markets, there are unique and specific challenges to successful investment in social ventures. This finance elective will provide a detailed introduction to this developing sector of impact investing, equipping students with vital, practitioner-focused skills in the following areas: Development of social impact business models and selection of appropriate entity type Techniques for capitalizing both for-profit and non-profit social ventures, including investment, grants and organic reinvestment approaches. Assessment and measurement of impact, using a competitive advantage framework to compare social enterprises and determine best growth strategy. Legal and governance strategies to preserve mission-focus throughout organizational scale. This course is suitable for students interested either in impact investing as an investor or in social enterprises as an entrepreneur. It is also suitable for students wishing to learn about the impact investing and social enterprise space in general. Course material is taught from the perspectives of the company and the investor over the full organizational lifecycle.All students must possess strong financial skills and solid competence in Microsoft Excel. Experience of venture equity and debt financing methods is beneficial, but not essential. By the end of the course, students will have acquired understanding and skills in investment structuring for small and large enterprises, evaluating deal opportunities from financial and social returns perspectives, and structuring and operating impact investment funds.
Columbia Business School is the academic home of Benjamin Graham and the birthplace of security analysis and value investing. Graham taught Advanced Security Analysis at Columbia from 1927 to 1956. Graham and David Dodd published their seminal work, Security Analysis, in 1934 and Graham published The Intelligent Investor in 1949. Roger Murray took over teaching the course upon Graham’s retirement and taught it until he retired in 1977. After a 16-year gap, value investing returned in the fall of 1993 under Professor Bruce Greenwald’s guidance and has been offered at the school ever since. Interestingly, the course was renamed Introduction to Value Investing, which was the first time the course referenced value investing in its name. Notable graduates from the program include Warren Buffett, Mario Gabelli, Leon Cooperman, Chuck Royce, Art Sandberg, Glenn Greenberg, William von Mueffling, and Todd Combs. This course introduces a framework for investing based on fundamental analysis and evaluates investment opportunities through the lens of an equity investor. Although much of the material in this course has a strong academic foundation, the goal is to develop practical tools that the student can use immediately to improve their investment process and decision making in the real world. The course will demonstrate how to determine a company’s fundamental value. Key inputs in the analysis will be the company’s level of profitability and financial returns, the duration of its competitive advantage, the value of its growth opportunity, the strength of its management team, and the risks inherent in the investment. These tools apply to public and private markets, and the course will show how to use the tools in each opportunity. The course material will be delivered through lectures, exercises, readings, in-class discussions, and homework assignments; the last day of the course will be devoted to student presentations of an investment recommendation using the tools from the course. This survey course is designed to introduce the fundamentals of the Graham and Dodd value approach to investment analysis. The basic analytical structure and its relationship to many elements from the MBA curriculum will be described through lectures, exercises, readings, in-class discussions, and homework assignments; the last day of the week will be devoted to student presentations of an investment recommendation.
Learning Objectives: (1.) To understand and experience the process of investing in early stage startups. At the end of this course you will know the terms, process, and mechanics involved in each phase of investing a. Deal sourcing and selection
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based treatment that was originally developed for chronically suicidal individuals and is now the gold standard treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder. The treatment and its adaptations have since been proven through research to be effective across a wide range of disorders and behavioral problems which have at their core the issue of Pervasive Emotion Dysregulation. Students will be introduced to key theoretical concepts that inform the “spirit” of DBT, along with an overview of core treatment strategies as used within a DBT skills group. This course is focused on DBT skills, and will provide students with a basic understanding of the four DBT skills modules (Core Mindfulness, Interpersonal Effectiveness, Emotional Regulation, Distress Tolerance). The focus will be on the revised and expanded DBT Skills Manual released in late 2014. Through course assignments and in-class activities, students will have an opportunity to learn the content of the skills, as well as how to structure and conduct a DBT skills group. Students will develop a beginning understanding of standard comprehensive DBT, the particular function of each treatment component, (e.g., individual, group, consultation team, coaching) and how DBT skills relate to the other program components. The basic format of this course will include the Instructor's presentation of concepts and principles, group discussion, modeling, role-plays, and technique coaching. As a practice elective, the major focus is on skill development. As such, students are expected participate fully in in-class practice exercises and be receptive to feedback from their classmates.
Through didactic and simulation lab sessions, this course provides the student with knowledge and clinical skills for physical and pelvic assessment of individuals across the reproductive lifespan. Foundational concepts of autonomy, empowerment, equity, justice and respect are emphasized to foster the development of skills needed to perform person-centered, physical and pelvic assessment
This course can be viewed as the most significant case study of your EMBA education - the case of China. We will discuss how the Chinese economy gets to where it is - by managing three transitions simultaneously: from Marx to market, from an inward-looking Middle Kingdom to an externally-oriented world factory, and from farming to industrialization. We will also discuss factors that could influence the chance of success/failure of doing business in China, including local financial sector, exchange rate policy, corruption, and negotiation style.
This simulation course engages the AG-ACNP student in a variety of controlled practicum scenarios. The course offers the AG-ACNP student a simulated clinical environment and allows for integration of previous didactic and clinical knowledge to develop complex decision making skills
This course explores the use of financial information for internal planning, analysis, and decision-making. The main objective of the course is to equip you with the knowledge to understand, evaluate, and act upon the many financial and non-financial reports used in managing modern firms.
Managing any modern firm requires information about the firm’s products, processes, assets, and customers. This information is a key input into a wide range of decisions: analyzing profitability of various products, managing product-line portfolios, setting prices, measuring and managing profitability of customers, making operational and strategic decisions, evaluating investments, guiding improvement efforts, and so on.
The focus of this course is on modern internal-reporting systems. We will discover that many firms do not provide their managers with useful information; we will see numerous examples of value destruction and bankruptcies caused by this. We will also investigate some modern ideas in how an organization’s internal information system should be designed to enhance value creation; and we will see how world-class firms take advantage of their competitors’ internal-reporting mistakes.
To attain the right level of understanding, we will briefly explore the mechanics of the many techniques used to prepare internal reports. But the emphasis in this course is very much on interpretation, evaluation, and decision-making.
We will examine the following key topics:
Designing managerial information systems to support an organization’s strategy.
Determining which financial and non-financial metrics are necessary for success in various competitive environments.
Evaluating profitability of products, services, assets, and customers.
The capabilities and the limitations of various reporting systems in guiding value-maximization, cost-control, and improvement efforts.
The limitations of traditional cost-estimation systems.
Activity-based costing and activity-based management.
Estimating and managing the costs of capacity resources.
Relevant costs and relevant revenues in business decisions.
The information necessary to evaluate long-term business decisions.
The incentives created by various performance-evaluation techniques.
This course will provide students with hands-on experience analyzing financial statements. Students will learn about the general tools, theoretical concepts, and practical valuation issues of financial analysis. By the end of the course, students should be comfortable using firms' financial statements (along with other information) to assess firm performance and make reasonable valuation estimates.
Course content and organization In the first half of the course, we will develop a valuation framework that integrates a firm’s strategy, its financial performance, and the credibility of its accounting. The framework consists of the following steps:
1. Understand the firm’s strategy. We will assess the firm’s value proposition and identify its key value drivers and risks.
2. Accounting Analysis. We will assess earnings quality and evaluate whether the firm's accounting policies capture the underlying business reality. If not, we will adjust the accounting to eliminate GAAP issues and management biases.
3. Financial Analysis. We will evaluate current performance with accounting data and financial ratios.
4. Prospective Analysis: Forecasting. We will assess whether current firm performance is sustainable, and we will forecast future performance. In our forecasts, we will consider growth, profitability, and future competitive advantage.
5. Prospective Analysis: Valuation. We will convert our forecasts of future earnings and book values into an estimate of the firm’s current value.
In the second half of the course, we will apply the above framework to a variety of business valuation contexts, including IPOs, mergers, and equity-investment analyses.
The internship course provides a substantive opportunity for students to practice applying their epidemiologic expertise and skills in a real-world setting. The course allows students to work with practitioners and public health/healthcare professionals to expand their knowledge of current industries, sectors, and work environments where epidemiologic skills are in demand. Students will gain an understanding of cultural differences between different countries and apply them to their internship experience. They will gain knowledge of different industries, sectors, and professions appropriate for MS Epidemiology graduates and develop a research project focused on the industries they are interested in. They will also map the concepts learned in at least one of their prior epidemiology courses with their learning objectives in their internship.
The seminar provides a supportive environment designed to enhance students’ applied, field-based learning experience by exploring common themes encountered in the fieldwork setting. The seminar will address the public health core competencies of communication, interprofessional practice, and diversity and inclusion.
The Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH), the institution that accredits public health schools and programs in the United States, requires that all students complete an Integrated Learning Experience (ILE) to earn an MPH degree. The ILE, submitted as students near completion of their degree, is considered the culminating experience providing students the opportunity to highlight proficiencies and to make connections between significant elements of the MPH education. As students progress towards fulfilling degree requirements, they, in consultation with their advisors, identify foundational and program specific competencies to support their education and career goals. The ILE requirement stipulates students demonstrate the acquisition and synthesis of competencies they have identified with their faculty advisors through the submission of a high-quality written document.
The goals of this course are to provide students with a basic knowledge and understanding of the actions of drugs in order to enable them to use therapeutic agents in a rational and responsible manner in patients. Initially, basic principles of pharmacology will be reviewed, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs by the body. Drug-receptor interactions will also be presented and illustrated with appropriate examples. The focus of these lectures will be case-based whenever possible to demonstrate the therapeutic application of these pharmacologic principles and how this translates into efficacy and potential toxicity.
This course extends and deepens the material you learned in business analytics. We will apply these methods in more unstructured and diverse situations, introduce new analytics tools and methods (including Tableau Visualization, text mining, and random forests), and study a modern framework for overfitting reduction called regularization that underlies much of modern machine learning. This course does not require coding or knowledge beyond Business Analytics, but the mathematical sophistication level will be somewhat more advanced.
This course is designed to build upon prior pharmacologic study to address advanced concepts in the clinical management of psychiatric symptoms. Students will critically analyze psychotropic interventions including but not limited to mechanisms of action, indications of use, dosing, side effects, drug-drug interactions, contraindications, and patient education. The use of psychotropic agents and complementary alternative medicine in relation to possible differential diagnoses is considered. Appropriate treatment across the patient lifespan, concurrent pathophysiology, chronic and acute medical conditions, multicultural influences, political and socioeconomic circumstances are also addressed.
The clinical practicum builds upon knowledge obtained in Diagnosis and Management. This practicum is designed to expand the role of the nurse practitioner student to provide primary care to complex patients, families and communities, in an outpatient setting, focusing on vulnerable populations. The clinical experience will strengthen the student skills knowledge of age-appropriate physical, cognitive and emotional development. Recognizing the multiple expressions of chronic physical and mental illness causing various complications that lead to impairment and disability. The goal of the practicum is to prepare the students for the delivery of comprehensive primary care.
This course is designed to enhance the clinical reasoning and decision-making skills of Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) students through case-based learning, evidence-based practice application, and faculty-guided small group discussions. Students will engage in peer collaboration, critical thinking exercises, and case presentations to refine their approach to patient evaluation, diagnosis, and management. Students will develop professional identity, ethical practice and self-awareness for advanced practice nursing.
This clinical is designed to provide students the opportunity to manage patients in a primary care, specialty-care or global health care setting.
This is the first of three Diagnosis and Management courses designed to educate students on the assessment, diagnosis, treatment and evaluation of common acute and critical illnesses via a systems-based approach. Pathophysiologic alterations, assessment, diagnostic findings, and multimodal management will be discussed. The course will examine social determinants of health and health disparities that may impact patients and family outcomes. Focus will be on the differential diagnosis and comprehensive healthcare management of commonly encountered acute and chronic physical illnesses using didactic lectures, case studies and simulation.
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This course examines the underlying economics of successful business strategy: the strategic imperatives of competitive markets, the sources and dynamics of competitive advantage, managing competitive interactions, and the organizational implementation of business strategy.
The course combines case discussion and analysis (approximately two thirds) with lectures (one third). The emphasis is on the ability to apply a small number of principles effectively and creatively, not the mastery of detailed aspects of the theory. The course offers excellent background for all consultants, managers and corporate finance generalists.
This is the second of four didactic courses that discuss techniques for anesthetic administration and related technologies in the context of various surgical and diagnostic interventions in diverse anesthetizing locations. Focus is assessment and management of monitoring modalities and other techniques in the perioperative environment. Cultural humility will be incorporated into care plans to develop anesthetic management individualized to patient identities and cultures while including an emphasis on social and cultural health disparities.
This lab is the second of three lab/simulation courses. Focus is placed upon essential technology and procedures utilized in the management of the patient during the preoperative, intraoperative, and the postoperative period. The course activities promote a synthesis of lecture content obtained in the Principles & Practice of Nurse Anesthesia II course. Lab/simulation experiences will develop the psychomotor skills and critical thinking inherent to the practice of nurse anesthesia. Specific procedural skills must be safely demonstrated. Cultural humility will be incorporated into care plans and simulations to develop anesthetic management individualized to patient identities and cultures while including an emphasis on social and cultural health disparities.
This course provides a structured overview of the pharmaceutical industry, with a consistent lens on public health. While grounded in the U.S. system, the course will integrate global comparisons to highlight differences in regulation, pricing, and equity. Students will examine how medicines are developed, regulated, priced, marketed, and accessed, and will analyze the role of key stakeholders—including government, payers, advocacy groups, and industry. Through case studies, debates, and simulations, students will explore the ethical tensions that arise between innovation, affordability, and equity, and assess the impact of pharmaceutical decision-making on population health. In addition to building conceptual understanding, students will develop skills in policy analysis, stakeholder synthesis, and evidence-based communication through written memos, reflective essays, and structured in-class activities.
The purpose of this lab course is to become familiar with advanced modalities in the management of the difficult airway, point of care ultrasound (PoCUS), radiology, and cardiac imaging. Laboratory experience provides psychomotor skill development and critical thinking inherent to advanced diagnostic techniques. As a component of the course, specific skills must be safely demonstrated.
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This course provides students with a rigorous foundation in capital markets and investments, emphasizing asset valuation from an applied perspective. It covers valuation techniques for financial securities, essential to portfolio management and risk management applications. Key topics include arbitrage, the term structure of interest rates, portfolio theory, diversification, equilibrium asset pricing models such as the CAPM, market efficiency and inefficiencies, performance evaluation, analysis of common pooled investment vehicles, behavioral finance, and tax-aware investment strategies. Through interactive activities, case studies, and simulations utilizing real-world market data, students will acquire analytical skills and foundational knowledge required for advanced finance courses and practical roles within the investment industry.
Note for MBA students: B5300 is a full term course offered only to EMBA students and is not available to MBA students. MBA students must complete B6301, Foundations of Valuation, to satisfy this prerequisite. If you sat the Corporate Finance exemption exam, please note this exam corresponds to B6302, the half term version, which does not fulfill the B5300 or B6301 requirement for this course.
Advanced Corporate Finance develops the art and science of optimal strategic decision-making by applying corporate financial theory to cases of financial policy, financial instruments and valuation. In particular, the following topics are studied: cost of capital and capital budgeting, discounted cash flow valuation and financial multiples, payout policy, equity and debt financing, option pricing theory and applications, corporate control and recapitalizations. The classes are structured to maximize the synergy between theory and practice, providing students portable, durable and marketable tools for their internships and careers.
This 5-week course during the third term of the DPT curriculum focuses on the appropriate and safe application of physical modalities in physical therapy practice.
This course is designed to provide students with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for the appropriate and safe application of physical modalities commonly used in physical therapy practice. The principles, theories, and rationales for the use of physical modalities will be presented primarily in lecture format. Laboratory sessions include hands-on experiences with physical modalities, role-playing with peers, and case discussions. The emphasis of laboratory is to practice skills on normal individuals and to become competent in administering the examination and intervention techniques associated with the application of physical modalities. Students will be expected to apply information from previous or concurrent coursework to critically analyze a variety of clinical scenarios during case discussions. Clinical reasoning will be fostered and emphasized through all the learning experiences within this course.
This course introduces basic and advanced principles and supporting evidence for several forms of soft tissue mobilization. This 8-week course during the 3rd term of the DPT curriculum uses an experiential learning approach to explore evidence-based practice concepts, apply pathophysiology knowledge, and alter musculoskeletal system function. Students will develop manual skills required to perform safe and effective soft tissue interventions in any clinical setting.
Soft tissue mobilization has been a part of manual medicine for millennia. This course introduces the theory, evidence, and practice of several common forms of soft tissue mobilization. The class begins with traditional massage that rely on basic theory and progresses to advanced techniques based on principles derived from current fascial theory. Students will develop the knowledge and skills necessary to apply soft tissue mobilizations that impact musculoskeletal system impairment of the upper-extremity, lower- extremity, and trunk. Along the way, students apply evidence-based practice concepts and knowledge of anatomy, kinesiology, soft tissue pathophysiology in the experiential learning and discussion-based learning approach. Ultimately, students will be able to make logical clinical decisions that integrate soft tissue mobilization into an effective plan of care. Significant out-of-laboratory practice time is required to develop the manual skills for safe, effective, and professional soft tissue mobilizations in any clinical setting.