This course introduces key concepts, theories, and challenges in the study and practice of international security policy. Drawing on historical and contemporary examples, students will examine the causes and consequences of war, the evolution of strategic thought, and the tools available to prevent and manage violent conflict. The course includes the purposes and limitations of military force, alliance politics, deterrence and coercion, weapons of mass destruction, civil-military relations, cyber threats, and the ethical dimensions of security decision-making. The course emphasizes critical thinking, policy evaluation, and real-world application, preparing students for advanced study in the International Security Policy concentration and future roles in government, international organizations, or related fields. Students will leave with a foundational framework for analyzing security policy and contributing to efforts that reduce the human and strategic costs of armed conflict.
Corresponding discussion section for Foundations of International Security Policy.
Prerequisite: Course Application.
In an era increasingly defined by geopolitical competition, it is more important than ever for future policymakers to understand why and how foreign policy decisions are made. Inside the Situation Room, co-taught by Secretary Hillary Rodham Clinton and Dean Keren Yarhi-Milo, employs insights from diverse academic fields—including political psychology, domestic politics, and international relations—and the direct experience of high-level principals in the room to understand the key factors which underpin a nation’s most crucial decisions. This course allows students to engage with a range of case studies and examine decision-making in a variety of historical and contemporary contexts, from the search for Osama bin Laden, to the “red line” in Syria, to negotiating with Iran.
Students will be taught how to analyze and understand the complex interplay between individual psychology, domestic politics, public opinion, bureaucracy, the international environment, and other factors which feed into decisions about foreign policy—from crisis diplomacy to the use of force, signaling and perception, intelligence and its analysis, the deployment of other instruments of statecraft, and more. Through this course, students will think carefully and analytically about how leaders and other actors view the world, how they arrive at their decisions, and how various social, political, and psychological factors shape the policies they devise to promote their interests abroad. For more information, visit: https://www.sipa.columbia.edu/situationroom
Required Discussion Section For Inside the Situation Room.
Required Discussion Section For Inside the Situation Room.
Required Discussion Section For Inside the Situation Room.
Required Discussion Section For Inside the Situation Room.
Required Discussion Section For Inside the Situation Room.
Required Discussion Section For Inside the Situation Room.
Perhaps the greatest challenge of policymaking is how to manage the urgent while maintaining focus on the important. Foreign policy leaders must maintain a strategic direction while also responding to the unexpected, and they often struggle to craft a policy that pursues long-term interests while also meeting the needs of the present and recognizing the reality of limits. This is especially true at a moment of tremendous geopolitical change, uncertainty, and political polarization. Historians will likely remember the years from 2020-2025 as an inflection point for the U.S. in the world — when global dynamics of great power competition, regional conflict, and rapid technological change clashed with an intense debate at home about American leadership and the purpose of power. This 1.5-credit workshop will explore the dilemmas of modern U.S. foreign policy decision-making by re-examining events from 2020-2025, focusing on three crises that are the three most acute policy challenges of the period. This workshop will meet over three sessions and consist of short readings, conversations with guest speakers who were directly involved in these events, and active student participation in discussions. Each session will have three parts: 1) an overview of key events led by the instructor, 2) a moderated discussion (either in person or by zoom) with a former senior policymaker, and 3) a class discussion about conclusions, implications, opportunities missed, and lessons for the future. 1) The end of the U.S. war in Afghanistan, 2) the Ukraine crisis, and 3) the response to the October 7 attacks in Israel and its aftermath.
Instructor: Derek Chollet
This course will meet as follows:
Thursday, Sept. 11: 6:00pm-8:00pm
Friday, Sept. 12: 9:30am-12:00pm
Thursday, Oct. 2: 6:00pm-8:00pm
Friday, Oct 3: 9:30am-12:00pm
Thursday, Nov. 20: 6:00pm-8:00pm
Friday, Nov. 21: 9:30am-12:00pm
This immersive, two-day workshop examines the concept of a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through the lens of historic negotiation efforts, most notably the Camp David Summit (1999–2001). Guided by former Israeli and Palestinian negotiators, students will explore the political, legal, and narrative frameworks that have shaped these peace talks, with particular attention to the components of Palestinian statehood.
Through structured simulation, analysis of historical documents, and engagement with practitioners, the workshop will deepen students' understanding of negotiation dynamics, the role of state recognition, and the impact of historical narratives on diplomacy. Issues such as refugees, Jerusalem, security, and diplomatic recognition will be addressed only insofar as they relate to the establishment of a Palestinian state.
To register for this course, you must join the waitlist in Vergil and submit an application:
https://forms.gle/ku43fs8WwtgRNPte7
.
Henry Kissinger remarked in the 1970s that "Israel has no foreign policy, only domestic politics." Moshe Dayan, Israel's quintessential general, observed that "Israel has no foreign policy, only a defense policy with international implications." These statements highlight an enduring question for the Middle East: What explains Israeli foreign policy? How do history, security challenges, ideology, and domestic politics influence Israel's position in a globalized world? This question carries special relevance when considering the war in Gaza. Since late 2023, Israel and the Middle East have been engulfed in a highly consequential conflict, with various actors—Hamas launching the October 7 attack, Iran, the Houthis of Yemen, and Hezbollah. The war is still ongoing, and its attachment to Israeli domestic politics cannot be overstated. The conflict has refocused attention on the history and dynamics of the Arab-Israeli conflict and the decades-long successes and failures in the peace process. We will explore significant episodes that reflect the intersection of Israel's foreign policy and domestic politics, specifically within the context of the Middle East peace process. Analyzing how Israeli politics has shaped major regional shifts over the last four decades, we'll debate whether the predominance of a fragmented political system necessarily leads to a crisis of national strategy or might ensure a more flexible and adaptive foreign policy.
Pre-req: ISDI IA6000 (INAF U6874) - Foundations of Int'l Security Policy.
This intensive two-day workshop explores the complex landscape of peacemaking and reconstruction in Ukraine following Russia’s 2022 invasion. Students will examine key challenges associated with ending hostilities, sustaining peace, and rebuilding the state. Topics include Ukraine’s security needs, Russia’s incentives and deterrents, frameworks for international monitoring and verification, economic reconstruction, human reintegration, and the risk of future aggression.
Drawing on historic precedents and expert perspectives, the course will address the interdependence of political, military, economic, and human dimensions in post-conflict stabilization. Students will work collaboratively to develop peace and reconstruction frameworks, assess pitfalls, and propose mechanisms for accountability and resilience. The course will emphasize critical analysis of stakeholder interests, institutional roles, and the evolving international context.
This intensive two-day workshop examines North Korea’s nuclear program within the broader security dynamics of the Indo-Pacific region. Students will explore how North Korea’s ambitions intersect with U.S.-China strategic competition and the evolving roles of Japan, South Korea, India, and other regional actors. Topics include extended deterrence, crisis escalation, alliance management, economic statecraft, and the linkage between Korean Peninsula security and Taiwan Strait tensions.
To register for this course, you must join the waitlist in Vergil and submit an application:
https://forms.gle/t6ZxptA5YyB6cd6RA
.
Economic statecraft, or the use of economic policy instruments in attempts at influence, has become increasingly germane to international diplomacy and security. China has developed from a target of economic statecraft, as seen in sanctions on China after the Tiananmen crackdown in 1989, to an active user of economic statecraft. This course traces that shift, including China’s entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001, increasing participation in multilateral sanctions on other states, and accelerated trade and investments with all regions of the world. We will review different forms and possible drivers of China’s economic statecraft, such as China’s deployment of restrictions on trade and tourism, consumer boycotts, and the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013. We then consider the effectiveness of China’s economic statecraft, including the reactions of foreign governments, public opinion, and international organizations, and the intersection of economic statecraft and identity issues. Students will be able to identify change and continuity in China’s approach toward economic statecraft, conceptualize and evaluate the causes and consequences of economic statecraft in written essays and a group debate, and develop expertise on specific issue areas and countries in relation to China’s economic statecraft.
This course equips students for humanitarian, human rights, foreign policy and political risk jobs that require real-time interpretation and analysis of conflict data. The course will introduce students to contemporary open-source data about conflict events, fatalities, forced displacement, human rights violations, settlement patterns in war zones, and much more. Students will learn about how this data is generated, what data reveals, what data obscures, and the choices analysts can make to use conflict data transparently in the face of biases. Then, students will learn introductory skills to visualize a range of conflict data in
R
and ArcGIS Pro. The objective is to give students the foundations to go further independently after the course using open-source training material and trouble-shooting portals. Each student will choose a conflict-related policy problem which they will investigate as the course progresses, culminating in a four-page policy brief or an ArcGIS Story Map, along with an explanatory memo.
This course explores how artificial intelligence is shaping the future of conflict prevention. With case studies and insights drawn from real-world applications, students will examine how AI tools are being developed and used to anticipate political, economic, and military trends. Through critical literature reviews and debate-based discussions, the course engages students in the practical, policy, and ethical questions surrounding the integration of AI into peacekeeping and peacebuilding operations. Emphasis will be placed on the role of multilateral organizations, including the United Nations, in guiding responsible and inclusive AI deployment. No technical background is required.
Intelligence activities are traditionally thought to comprise the activities of a nation state’s intelligence organizations attempting to steal secrets, usually those pertaining to national security, from the organizations of another nation state. However, intelligence activities have seldom, if ever, been confined to the government sphere. Most nation states have employed their national intelligence systems to steal privately held economic information from other countries to benefit their economies: many continue to do so. Private enterprises have long employed methodologies associated with “traditional” intelligence to obtain trade secrets from domestic and foreign competitors. The establishment of a legal and ethical framework to govern this activity –- the discipline of “competitive intelligence’, is a relatively recent phenomenon.
This course will examine in depth the interaction of intelligence and private sector on these three levels. Part one of the course will cover economic espionage: the deliberate targeting of private sector entities by foreign intelligence services. Soviet/Russian and Chinese conduct of Economic Espionage will be discussed in detail. A separate class will examine the prevalence of economic espionage among democratic nations, usually considered allies of the United States in both theory and practice. The U.S. attitude towards economic espionage, and the U.S reaction to the threat, will be the subject other class meetings. The course will then move on to industrial espionage, companies spying on other companies, and its’ more socially acceptable counterpart, competitive intelligence, attempting to distinguish between legal and illegal uses of intelligence by the private sector.
The collection and use of intelligence have been functions of the state for thousands of years, and an essential element of the national security and foreign policy systems of the modern nation state. However, it has long been apparent that different states conduct intelligence activities differently. What accounts for these differences? Until recently, the secrecy surrounding the activities, structure and impact of the specialized organizations involved in the intelligence process have made them difficult to study on a comparative basis. Recent advances in the unclassified literature have now made such study possible. The comparative study of foreign intelligence systems provides important insights into the foreign policy priorities and goals of the states in question, relevant to the work of both the national security and wider foreign policy communities in the U.S. and elsewhere.
Moreover, the extent to which intelligence systems reflect the political culture of their host societies is also a subject of interest. This course will begin with an introduction to intelligence systems as an academic subject. It will continue with a comparative treatment of several Western and non-Western intelligence systems, to include those of major actors in the international system as well those of small powers. For each intelligence system, we will examine the historical, institutional and cultural factors that make it unique. Finally, the course will examine several functional intelligence challenges and compare how these are addressed by different states. Particular attention will be paid to the identification of pathologies that can have a negative impact on the role of intelligence organizations within a given state, and the reform of intelligence systems to facilitate an appropriate role within a democratic or democratizing society.
Threat Financing and Anti-Money Laundering
is a class that provides an overview of the world of money laundering, terrorist financing, and sanctions. It delves into how these areas are handled by governments around the world, especially focusing on the United States and its reach overseas. The class does a deep dive into the realm of compliance programs and the regulations and laws that apply to financial institutions, such as banks, brokerage firms, and investment advisers; to money services businesses, including money transmitters and the hawala system; and to gambling entities, including those that are online as well as casinos. Fines issued to various entities will be analyzed, such as the $3 billion fine imposed upon TD Bank in the fall of 2024, as well as criminal penalties that have been imposed on individuals and entities.
A review of how funds are moved, such as via the transfer of real estate, art, and jewelry, will be conducted. Some guest speakers who handle such issues on a daily basis will be brought in to provide their analysis. In this class, the perspective of law enforcement, regulators, and compliance personnel will be presented.
As long as societies have gone to war, commanders have had to consider how they will treat captives. It can be a factor at every stage of a struggle, from negotiations to avert war, tactics and strategy for winning, and post-conflict resolution. And long after the end of fighting, the experience of captivity can continue to shape how people recall and commemorate their history. This course examines how generations of lawmakers, diplomats, military commanders and activists have dealt with the problem of captivity. It will also explore the experience of the captives themselves, as well as their guards, including those guards who themselves were made prisoner after being accused of war crimes. Students will become familiar not just with different kinds of modern conflict, but also the diff`erent disciplinary methods for studying it, from sociology and political science to philosophy and international law.
In Writing about War, seminar participants engage with a pressing matter of our age: how to evaluate facts and context and create compelling and precise narratives from the fog of war. This intensive writing seminar explores the special challenges of creating narrative and assessing truth claims in the context of violent conflict. In this course you will grow as a writer through extensive practice reporting, writing, revising, and editing your own work and that of your peers.
We will read accounts produced as journalism, policy analysis, advocacy, literature, and philosophy. We will discuss ongoing conflicts as well as historical cases, and grapple with questions of policy and ethics. Students will produce original reported narrative writing about conflict, which they may try to place for publication. Students should expect to write or revise an original piece most weeks of the semester.
This course cultivates useful skills for any writer, whether they plan to write about conflict as a journalist, advocate, aid worker, policy analyst, or other field. The instructor places a premium on critical thinking and clear writing; grades reflect participation, effort, clarity of thought, reporting initiative, and narrative craft.
This graduate seminar analyzes and compares national security strategies, including military doctrine, alliance policies, and foreign economic policy. The course examines how international structure, domestic politics, and leadership psychology contribute to policy outcomes. Students will explore how different strategies serve as stabilizing or destabilizing forces in the international system.
Specific topics include great power strategies before the two World Wars, American Cold War containment strategy, China's Cold War strategies, and sources of stability and instability since the Cold War’s end.
Students should have a strong background in international relations theory and/or international security. Those without such preparation are permitted to enroll but may find it difficult to keep up with the readings.
This is a two-day intensive course. Over the past decade, the number of civil wars globally has increased dramatically, driven by a proliferation of non-state armed groups, illicit transnational networks and regional actors. The rise of civil wars has meant conflicts are not only harder to resolve via traditional forms of diplomacy, but also more likely to relapse; in fact, 60 per cent of the civil wars that reached peace agreements in the early 2000s have since fallen back into conflict. As an organization created to prevent wars between states, the UN has struggled to meet the challenges of today’s conflicts, particularly when it comes to engaging non-state actors. At the same time, the UN is often uniquely positioned to make contact with armed groups that may be blacklisted by key member states, and it is often UN peace operations that are best placed to implement strategies to address the various threats they pose.
What are the origins of the growth of today’s form of non-state armed groups and why have they increased in relevance in recent years? How has the rise of rebel and so-called “terrorist” groups affected the character of war today, and what implications does this have for conflict prevention and management? What challenges (and opportunities) do non-state actors pose to traditional forms of conflict resolution, and what can be learned from the UN’s experiences in places like Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Mali?
Drawing on a mix of academic literature, case studies and first-hand accounts of those involved directly in UN-led operations in the field, students will explore these questions and grapple with the very real predicaments that face today’s mediators and peacekeepers around the world. By the end of this course, students will have a firm grasp of the core theories and concepts that drive UN engagement with non-state actors, how the UN and its partners have developed strategies in asymmetrical and complex environments, and a practical experience of the difficulties of applying principles to reality. This course will be of interest to those wishing to pursue academic research on the UN, scholars of critical studies of international relations, and those hoping to build a career in conflict resolution and management.
Effective communication is critical to the success of international organizations (IOs). Whether securing funding from member states, raising awareness of global challenges, or countering misinformation, IOs rely on strategic communications to fulfill their mandates. As noted by UN Secretary-General António Guterres, “strategic communications is central to the success of all our work.”
This course equips students with interdisciplinary tools to understand and support the communications work of IOs. Students will explore the unique structures and missions of IOs, the role of public and digital diplomacy, brand management, and communication for development (C4D). The course also addresses specialized practices such as peacekeeping communications and celebrity diplomacy.
By bridging theory and practice, students will gain the knowledge and skills needed to analyze, critique, and contribute to communications efforts in IOs. The course prepares students for careers in IO communications teams or for policy and academic analysis in this evolving field.
The purpose of this half-semester course is to familiarize students with how the Internet and cybersecurity works; to provide a foundation of knowledge for later courses; and to familiarize students with the devices, protocols, and functions of computers, the Internet, industrial control systems, and cybersecurity. This course is not intended to be a computer science course, but to provide the students with the lexicon of cyberspace and the understanding of how hardware, software, and networks fit together to create the Internet experience. We will also illuminate some essential and current cybersecurity policy topics, including privacy and risks of emerging technology.
It is a broader course meant to complement Cyber Risks and Vulnerabilities and other coursework throughout SIPA.
This interdisciplinary course explores how technology, policy, and law intersect in addressing complex cybersecurity challenges. Taught by experts in each field, the course examines how different disciplines approach problems such as cybercrime, national security threats, and corporate intrusions. Students will gain foundational knowledge in Internet architecture and computer security, legal frameworks governing cyber activity, and policy strategies for defense and resilience.
The course is structured around four major cyber incidents—SolarWinds, NotPetya, Colonial Pipeline, and Sony Pictures—which serve as case studies to analyze vulnerabilities, responses, and policy implications. A team-based group project will link these “great hacks” to themes in the U.S. National Cybersecurity Strategy, encouraging students to develop interdisciplinary mitigation proposals.
Designed for students with prior cyber-related experience, this course strengthens the ability to think and communicate across technical, legal, and policy domains, preparing students to work effectively on cybersecurity in any professional context.
The purpose of this course is to familiarize SIPA students with the function of the internet while focusing on the flaws and vulnerabilities that can be exploited in attacks or impact user privacy. This course will approach each session in the following manner: discussion of recent cyber events, discussion topic(s) to be covered, and the ramifications when used in the real world.
This course is intended to build on the Basics of Cybersecurity with a tighter focus on specific vulnerabilities and information transmission and how these can be exploited by hackers, criminals, spies, militaries, or business interests.
This course is intended to be an introduction to cyber risk and vulnerabilities and is thus suitable for complete newcomers to the area. It is a big field, with a lot to cover; however, this should get students familiar with all of the basics. The class is divided into weekly topics; the first five iteratively build on each other, and the others either addressing recent technologies or hosting relevant guest speakers.
Many cyber jobs are opening up with companies that need international affairs analysts who, while not cybersecurity experts, understand the topic well enough to write policy recommendations or intelligence briefs. Even if you don’t intend your career to focus on cyber issues, having some exposure will deepen your understanding of the dynamics of many other international, privacy, and public policy issues.
This course explores the evolving landscape of cyber conflict and cybersecurity across the Indo-Pacific region. Students will examine national strategies, regional cooperation efforts, and the role of major actors such as China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, ASEAN, and India. The course will cover cyber threats, disinformation campaigns, state-sponsored hacking, digital diplomacy, and the geopolitical dimensions of emerging technologies like AI and quantum computing.
Through interdisciplinary readings, guest lectures, and dynamic discussion, students will analyze key cases and develop policy recommendations. Assignments include briefing memos, comparative analyses, and a final research paper. No prior expertise in cybersecurity or Indo-Pacific politics is required, though background knowledge is helpful.
This course prepares students to engage critically with cyber policy issues in a region increasingly central to global security.
This course examines the sources, substance, and enduring themes of American foreign policy. Part I reviews the rise of American power in world affairs from the 18th Century through the end of the Cold War. Part II provides an overview of the process and politics of American foreign policy making. Part III applies the theory and history of Part I, and the process of Part II, to examine a number of contemporary U.S. foreign policy issues and debates, including America’s two wars with Iraq; its responses to the threat of global terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; what role the United States should play in the world economy, global and regional institutions, and the developing world; and how best to manage a rising China and other emergent challenges.
This course explores how contemporary conflict is changing and how conflict prevention and resolution strategies must evolve in response. Through case studies and practitioner insights, students examine shifting conflict dynamics, the role of international institutions, and a range of peacebuilding tools—from mediation and state-building to justice and sanctions. Emphasis is placed on ethical dilemmas and operational challenges in real-world contexts. No prerequisites are required, though prior exposure to conflict studies is beneficial.
This seminar critically examines the evolution and current trajectory of Russian security policy, with particular attention to the ongoing war in Ukraine and its broad strategic implications. The course explores the political, historical, and structural factors that shape Russia’s national security outlook, as well as its use of military force, energy policy, diplomacy, and information operations to advance its interests. The course discusses Russia’s relations with the United States, Europe, China, and the Global South; the role of nuclear strategy and arms control; and lessons from recent military interventions. Readings and case studies are regularly updated to reflect the rapidly changing geopolitical landscape.
This course serves as the foundation of the International Fellows Program (IFP), a year-long, interdisciplinary seminar examining the evolving role of the United States in global affairs. Drawing on history, policy, and current debates, the course explores how U.S. leadership has been shaped by ideology, military power, economic interests, and domestic politics—and how that role is being redefined amid global shifts and great power competition. Students will analyze key moments in American foreign policy, engage critically with foundational documents, and assess competing national security strategies in an election year context. Structured around weekly readings and team-led discussions, the course emphasizes active participation, policy application, and peer debate. The fall semester focuses on three core dimensions of U.S. foreign policy: human rights and values, the use of force, and transnational economic interests. IFP Fellows are expected to contribute meaningfully to class dialogue and leadership throughout the semester.