The course is designed to introduce you to the field of public management. It is a practical course organized around the tools managers may use to influence the behavior of their organizations. The course also discusses the political environment in which public managers must interact.
General aspects of normal human growth and development from viewpoints of physical growth, cellular growth and maturation, and adjustments made at birth; the impact of altered nutrition on these processes. Prenatal and postnatal malnutrition, the role of hormones in growth; relationships between nutrition and disease in such areas as anemia, obesity, infection, and carbohydrate absorption.
Data is most useful when it can tell a story. Health analytics merges technologies and skills used to deliver business, clinical and programmatic insights into the complex components that drive medical outcomes, costs and oversight. By focusing on business intelligence and developing tools to evaluate clinical procedures, devices, and programs, organizations can use comparative and outcomes data to strengthen financial performance. This information can improve the way healthcare is evaluatedand delivered for better outcomes across the spectrum of health industries. In this course, students will learn SAS as a tool to manipulate and analyze healthcare data and begin to understand what clinical and public health interventions work best for improving health, for example. Students will learn how to organize and analyze data to inform the practices of healthcare providers and policymakers to make evidence-based resource allocation decisions.Comparative & Effectiveness Outcomes Research (CEOR) certificate students will take this course inpreparation for the capstone class.SAS basics (e.g., creating SAS datasets and new variables, sorting, merging, reporting) and advanced statistics (e.g., using a logistical regression to create propensity scores for matched cohort analyses) will be covered.
Fall: Review of current literature providing complementary information pertinent to other nutrition areas, with a view to developing a critical approach to the assimilation of scientific information. Spring: Obesity: Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment. Controversies involving regulation of weight and energy balance. Interaction between genetics and the environment are considered as well as clinical implications of our current knowledge.
This is an advanced graduate seminar in Economic Sociology looking at new developments in this field. It addresses the disciplinary division of labor in which economists study value and sociologists study values; and it rejects the pact whereby economists study the economy and sociologists study social relations in which they are embedded.
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Applications of behavioral insights are expanding rapidly across civic, medical, social, corporate, educational, and economic professions. This class covers the underlying theories for behavioral insights, using scientific and real-world examples of applications from multiple disciplines and locations. The course will also cover methods for behavioral implementation and evaluation, focusing particularly on healthcare policy perspectives. Students will learn a broad range of strategies through a highly interactive format, taught partially in a classroom setting in addition to remote asynchronous and synchronous sessions. Students will gain experience designing and developing their own evidence- based behavioral interventions as a part of a semester-long project. The course is taught in three phases. The first phase will introduce fundamentals of behavioral science and evidence-based policy. Students will then spend the majority of the course on examples of behavioral insights such as nudges in practice, in a healthcare context and beyond. The course will end with sessions on practical applications, where students will learn to identify appropriate situations for behavioral interventions and produce a final project in a chosen context.
The Graduate Seminar in Printmaking and Related Media is designed to create a space that is inclusive yet focused on printmaking. Class time is structured to support, adapt and reflect students' needs and goals as individual artists and as a community. The course will examine printmaking as a medium in an expanded field, investigating its constitutive materials, exhibition and installation practices, and its ethics in the 21st century. The seminar will focus on the specific relations between tools, ideas and meanings that arise when artists engage with print media in various incarnations and concepts including editioned prints, multiples, artist-books, other types of printed matter, alternate means of distribution, and strategies of duplication and repetition. The ultimate objective is to provide students with in-depth knowledge of the materials, tools, histories and theories that underlie specific printmaking practices. The seminar combines discussion of students' artwork and research with readings on ethics, performance, cinema, poetics, data, museum practices, politics, and public space as they relate to printmaking.
While the Columbia Visual Arts Program is dedicated to maintaining an interdisciplinary learning environment where students are free to use and explore different mediums while also learning to look at and critically discuss artwork in any medium, we are equally committed to providing in-depth knowledge concerning the theories, histories, practices, tools and materials underlying these different disciplines. Each semester we offer one Graduate Seminar in a different discipline, or combination of disciplines, including moving image, new genres, painting, photography, printmaking, and sculpture. These Discipline Seminars are taught by full-time and adjunct faculty, eminent critics, historians, curators, theorists, writers, and artists. Each seminar focuses on specific relations between tools, ideas and meanings that arise when artists engage with a particular medium. The seminars combine discussions of readings and artworks with presentations of students' individual work and research.
While it is generally thought of to be related to construction, the truth is that Project Management can be applied to any field. It is defined as the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to a broad range of activities in order to meet the requirements of the particular project. A project is an endeavor undertaken to achieve a particular aim. Project management knowledge and practices are best described in terms of their component processes. These processes are: Initiating, Planning, Executing, Controlling and Closing. Knowledge Areas include Scope Management, Time Management, Cost Management, Quality Management, Risk Management, and Change Management. We will discuss all of these elements in the course.
Aspects of carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and energy metabolism relevant to the understanding of nutrition at cellular and organism levels. Biochemical and physiological aspects of vitamin and mineral metabolismand action during both normal conditions and deficiency toxicity states.
This graduate seminar will explore the history, art, architecture, and liturgy of the ducal chapel and state church of San Marco in Venice. Built to house the body of the Evangelist St. Mark within the precinct of the ducal palace shortly after its translation from Alexandria in 828/29, San Marco was heavily indebted to Byzantine art and architectural traditions. Accordingly, the seminar will focus on Venetian perceptions of Byzantine art and culture from the time of the foundation of San Marco to the collapse of the Latin Empire of Constantinople in 1261 and beyond. Particular emphasis will be placed on the function of Byzantine architectural spolia and saintly relics as markers of cultural and religious identity, the invention and visual manifestation of cult traditions, and changes made to the sacred topography of San Marco as a result of Venice’s political ambitions in the Eastern Mediterranean and on the
terraferma
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Topics of linear and non-linear partial differential equations of second order, with particular emphasis to Elliptic and Parabolic equations and modern approaches.
This is the first in a series of 4 courses designed to educate students about the multiple dimensions of professional practice in contemporary physical therapy. These courses will explore the professional roles of the physical therapist as a clinician, educator and advocate. This will be the first in a series of courses that will address trans-curricular themes including leadership, service, health promotion, advocacy, teaching & learning, interprofessional teamwork, and self-reflection, culminating in the creation of a digital portfolio. The course series will include broad exposure to a variety of professional and personal development experiences and expect more in-depth engagement in the student’s chosen area of focus. This first course in the professional leadership and practice series will explore health and wellness and promote strategies for well being. Students will broaden their understanding of physical therapy practice, structure and governance of the American Physical Therapy Association, APTA vision and core values, and legislative action at the national, state and local levels. Students will have the opportunity to reflect on personal strengths and develop a personal development and professional leadership plan. An overview of the Digital Professional Portfolio will also be included.
This two-semester course shows students that it is both possible and useful to think about public policy rigorously to see what assumptions work; to understand how formal models operate; to question vagueness and cliches; and to make sophisticated ethical arguments. An important goal of the class is to have students work in groups to apply microeconomic concepts to current public policy issues having to do with urban environmental and earth systems. The course includes problem sets designed to teach core concepts and their application. In the spring semester, the emphasis is on the application of concepts to analyze contemporary policy problems. Some time is also devoted to international trade and regulation, and industrial organization issues. Students not only learn microeconomic concepts, but also how to explain them to decision-makers. Student groups take on specific earth system policy issues, analyze options through the use of microeconomic concepts, and then make oral presentations to the class.
The objective of Microeconomics and Policy Analysis I is to ensure that students are able to use an economic framework to analyze environmental policy choices. Students will be expected to understand, apply and critique micro-economic models that inform environmental policy. By the end of the semester, students will be expected to use economic concepts fluently to advocate various public policy positions. We will begin with the big picture; how did economics evolve, what is a capitalist economy, and how do we think about it. We will then focus on tools for understanding core institutions such markets, individual workers and consumers, and firms. We describe simple supply-demand relationships and apply these to economic problems. We introduce the concepts of opportunity cost and choice, which are fundamental to an economic framework for environmental policy. We then examine basic tools used by economists. We examine in detail the underlying theory of consumers and producers necessary to derive supply and demand relationships. This detailed analysis facilitates an intelligent application and critique of these basic economic tools. We will incorporate environmental examples throughout the class, but this is not a class on environmental economics. It will introduce you to microeconomics more generally, and give you a view of the economy interacting with lots of other political, social, and environmental factors.
From 1970 until today, America’s prison and jail population has increased sevenfold, from some 300,000 to around 2.2 million adults and children behind bars. Accounting for less than 5 percent of the world’s inhabitants, but about 25 percent of the world’s incarcerated inhabitants, the United States is the most incarcerating society in human history. The U.S. federal and state governments imprison more people and at higher rates than do any other governments on the planet, and they do so today more than they did at any other period in American history. This astounding amount of human confinement (commonly called “mass incarceration”) disproportionately impacts the polity’s poorest communities of color—especially young Black males—which suffer from chronic conditions and infectious disease; face higher mortality rates; and experience, because of criminal records, less opportunity to secure gainful employment, stable housing, access to safety net programs, and education. Female incarceration over the past few decades has grown at twice the rate of male incarceration, and black women, specifically, are twice as likely as white women to serve time. Imprisonment exposes people to a wide range of circumstances proving detrimental to long-term physical and mental health, like inadequate sanitation, poor ventilation, and solitary confinement. And most formerly incarcerated people return to their communities with deep wounds and new traumas resulting from incarcerated life and from isolation through long separations from families and social supports. This course sits at the intersection of public health, policy, and law. The course will explore the full spectrum of causes and costs of mass incarceration as a public health crisis. This course will examine how exposures to different structures of the American criminal punishment apparatus (e.g., law enforcement, jail, prison, or detention centers, community supervision) shape the health of people, families, and society. Observing mass incarceration as an epidemic, this course will adopt a useful public-health model of prevention to contemplate a concerted approach consisting of primary, secondary, and tertiary strategies for unwinding mass human imprisonment while advancing enhanced public health for the nation’s most disempowered members. This course will pay special attention to acutely at-risk populations, including detained youth and youth o
The Course introduces students to the fundamentals of case competitions and prepares them to compete in select case competitions over the course of the year. Case competitions afford students the opportunity to apply classroom learning to dynamic health care organizational and industry problems. The Course covers topics ranging from the framework for breaking down cases to common analytical techniques and presentation skills. We will build the foundational skills for students to prepare and deliver comprehensive, professional analyses in competitive settings.
This course, during the third year of the DPT curriculum, is the final in a series of 4 courses designed to educate students about the multiple dimensions of professional practice in contemporary physical therapy. These courses will explore the professional roles of the PT as a clinician, educator and advocate and address trans-curricular themes including leadership, service, health promotion, advocacy, teaching & learning, interprofessional teamwork and self-reflection, culminating in the creation of a digital portfolio. The course series will include broad exposure to a variety of professional and personal development experiences and expect more in-depth engagement in the student’s chosen area of focus.
Health promotion and disease prevention have a major role to play in health policy, and the case for investing in this area is now stronger than ever. Chronic diseases are one of the main causes of death and disability worldwide. While many associated risk factors are largely preventable, prevention policies are severely underused, partly because lack of strong evidence to support the economic return on investment on interventions. The aim of this course is to provide an economic perspective on the challenges to improve health promotion and chronic disease prevention. The first part of the course explores how economics can contribute to our understanding of the crucial role of prevention to improve the health of our society. We will discuss basic concepts and theories, such as externalities, public goods, economic incentives, and cost-benefit analysis. The second part of the course consists of a review of the empirical literature and analytical models used to evaluate prevention policies, exploring available evidence on some of the most prevalent chronic diseases with a focus on how to understand the economic GDP and societal ROI and how to use this information to inform and conduct policy. We will also discuss whether there are better methods to gather evidence than those currently employed.
Prerequisites: the instructor's permission. The survey course on political psychology is organized around three main themes. The first is social influence and intrinsic predispositions: obedience, conformity, social pressure, authoritarianism, and personality traits. The second theme concerns the manner in which people interpret new information about politics and use it to update their beliefs and evaluations. This section invites discussion of topics such as: To what extent and in what ways do media and politicians manipulate citizens? Can and do voters use information shortcuts to compensate for their lack of direct information about policies? The third theme is the meaning, measurement, and expression of ideology and prejudice.
Individual projects in composition.
All public policy occurs within a political context. The purpose of this seminar is to examine the politics of America's large cities. While we rely on case material from American cities the theoretical and applied problems we consider are relevant to understanding public policy in any global city. Cities are not legal entities defined in the American Constitution. Yet, historically they have developed a politics and policymaking process that at once seems archetypically American and strangely foreign We will consider whether America's traditional institutions of representation work for urban America; how the city functions within our federal system; and whether neighborhood democracy is a meaningful construct. We will also consider the impact of politics on urban policymaking. Can cities solve the myriad problems of their populations under existing institutional arrangements? Are cities really rebounding economically or does a crisis remain in communities beyond the resurgence in many downtown business districts? Do the economic and social factors which impact urban politics and policy delimit the city's capacity to find and implement solutions to their problems? Finally, can urban politics be structured to make cities places where working and middle class people choose to live and work and businesses choose to locate; the ultimate test of their viability in the twenty first century.
This class is intended for students to develop composing skills for creating music “between the keys” (or “outside the keys”) of a traditionally tuned piano or organ. We will be analyzing relevant works and techniques of the present and of the past. Students compose and perform/present their own music influenced by these works and techniques. We will start with quartertones and with music independent from Western traditions.
This course will first, examine the nature, ingredients and gradations of the extraordinary success of several East Asian economies. The lessons of their experience have been the subject of an extensive literature. The course will introduce students to the main controversies. The second part will illuminate the debate by contrasting the experience and policies of East Asia with stylized trends and overviews of developments in each of the regions of Latin America, South Asia (Indian subcontinent), Sub-Saharan Africa and the transition economies of Europe and Central Asia. These comparisons will be informed by the question of what the lessons of East Asian success are for these other regions.
American cities are playing an increasingly important role in America’s economic future. Whether it is high tech, clean energy, finance or expanded retail, the Mayor plays a unique and vital role in finding the solutions to our nation’s most important problems. Even as there is extraordinary optimism about the future of America’s cities, most continue to grapple with the devastating effects of 20th century deindustrialization and racial disparities in education, income, housing, and health. It has become the task of the Mayor to both balance the demands of disparate interests and govern fairly and effectively. As the federal government continues to disinvest in domestic policy, Mayors have taken up the challenge to ensure an urban future that both supports innovative economic development, sustainability, and social inclusion. In this course, we will explore how Mayors make their cities work, including campaigning for election, the relationship of politics to governing; managing the city bureaucracy; leadership during crisis, and transforming policy through innovation. I will rely on my experiences as Mayor of Philadelphia, but we will focus broadly on American cities. The readings will help provide additional theoretical and empirical context. With limited power but vast possibility, today’s Mayors can help set agendas not only for their cities, but also for their nation.
This course aims at providing a well-rounded understanding of the financial development process over time and across countries, with emphasis on emerging economies. Relevant topics will be covered from different perspectives, including the supply and demand sides of financial services; the roles of markets, instruments, and institutions; issues on systemic financial stability and access to financial services; links to financial globalization; and the role of the state. The course will entail active student participation. In particular, (a) students will be expected to review the background reading materials in advance and, on that basis, participate actively in the lecture-based classes; and (b) investigate (as part of a group project) a particular topic of their choice, present the results to the class, and write a short paper. In the process, students should improve their critical thinking, research and communication abilities, and learn new material on financial development.
After briefly reviewing the historic basis for the function of congressional oversight, the course
will review and discuss the sources and applications of congressional powers and tools for
oversight; constitutional, statutory, rule and other limits to the power of Congress to conduct
oversight; the rights and duties of those subject to congressional oversight; parallel proceedings
when oversight occurs with criminal or federal agency investigations; and study special oversight
functions, such as impeachment and special commissions. Classes will involve reviewing actual
congressional oversight investigations and hearings (e.g., Teapot Dome, House Unamerican
Affairs Committee, Watergate, Clinton Impeachment, Trump Impeachments, 9/11 Commission)
and the legal, strategic and ethical issues raised in those proceedings. When appropriate, there
will be a guest or two (e.g. Member of Congress, subject of an oversight inquiry).
This course aims to familiarize graduate students with the different methods and approaches that US and European scholars have used to study gender and sexuality in other societies generally, and the way they study them in the context of the Arab World specifically. The course will also explore how Arab scholars have also studied their own societies. We will survey these different approaches, both theoretical and empirical, outlining their methodological difficulties and limitations. Readings will consist of theoretical elaborations of these difficulties and the methodological and empirical critiques that the field itself has generated in order to elaborate how gender and sexuality in the Arab World have been studied, or more accurately, not studied, and how many of these methodological pitfalls can be avoided.
This course introduces students to the burgeoning literature on international ideas, relations, politics and movements between the wars, especially in Europe. We will explore three questions in particular. First, how has the current turn to international/global history altered our understanding of the key aspects of Europe’s ‘twenty-year crisis’ – especially post-World War I stabilization, the management of the slump, imperial contestation, and the challenge posed by revisionist states? Second, what was the nature of the “Geneva project,” and what was its significance? Finally, what other visions of internationalism and geopolitics emerged in the interwar era, and to what effect? Can we now bring international history and European history together? Students will be expected to do all common readings and participate in class discussion and to prepare discussion questions and help guide discussion twice during the term. Written assignments will be structured to allow students to evaluate this new scholarship in light of their own research.
In 1964, Fluxus artist Daniel Spoerri fulfilled an unrealized wish of Marcel Duchamp’s by stretching a replica of the Mona Lisa over an ironing board. For her 2017 survey at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, Tania Bruguera included a photograph of a urinal she had installed in The Queens Museum, accompanied by the statement: “It’s time to return Duchamp’s urinal to the bathroom.” However we interpret these gestures, separated by more than fifty years, it’s clear that Duchamp’s “reciprocal readymade” endures as a potent model for the transvaluation of artwork and artistic practices into different states and uses.
This is the first of the clinical courses designed to overview basic patient/client examination and evaluation skills in accordance with the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) and the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) Guide to Physical Therapy Practice. Introduction to the patient management model with emphasis on examination is presented in a lecture-lab format. The examination process is detailed including systems review and tests and measures of peripheral nerve integrity, flexibility, motor function, muscle performance, posture, and range of motion. Emphasis is placed on, manual muscle testing and goniometry. Students are introduced to clinical decision-making.
What does interaction have to do to storytelling? How do we tell stories within media that are non-linear, including games, virtual reality, and immersive theater? How can we craft narratives that emerge from the dynamics of interaction, narratives experienced through exploration and choice? What design strategies exist regarding an understanding of character, plot, drama, time, space, and event within interactive fictions? This course will take a close look at the mechanics of storytelling within dynamic media, exploring connections between interactivity and narrative experience. The course will examine examples ranging from the design of Live Action Role Playing games to massively multi-player experiences, from hypertext to tarot cards, from Oculus to Punchdrunk. Content will be delivered through lectures, reading, discussion, case studies, and small studio-based exercises. Elective open to all SOA students.
This is a Public Health Course. Public Health classes are offered on the Health Services Campus at 168th Street. For more detailed course information, please go to Mailman School of Public Health Courses website at http://www.mailman.hs.columbia.edu/academics/courses
Prerequisites: ECON G6411 and G6412. Students will make presentations of original research.
Review of continuum mechanics in Cartesian coordinates; tensor calculus and the calculus of variation; large deformations in curvilinear coordinates; electricity problems and applications.
This course examines the relationship between architectural culture and the technology of printing in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Europe. Studying manuscripts and drawings, printed books, and woodcuts, etchings, and engravings, we will explore how print shaped architectural thought and practice and analyze a range of architectural treatises in terms of medium and content. In doing so, this seminar will place these objects in relation to other illustrated manuals that proliferated in the Renaissance and interrogate a number of critical issues such as the materiality of text and image; copying, codification, and the didactic role of print; and technology and nature of media in the Renaissance. Close object-based study will be central to the class and numerous sessions will utilize collections in New York (Avery Library, RBML, New York Public Library, Morgan Library, and Metropolitan Museum of Art).
Prerequisites: G6215 and G6216. Open-economy macroeconomics, computational methods for dynamic equilibrium analysis, and sources of business cycles.
A study of the meanings and cultural significance of music and music theory; integration of music theory with areas outside of music, such as aesthetics, literary criticism, cognitive psychology, sociology of music, semiotics, phenomenology, theories of narrative, hierarchy theory, and linguistics.
Constitutive equations of viscoelastic and plastic bodies. Formulation and methods of solution of the boundary value, problems of viscoelasticity and plasticity.
Through the process of developing, pitching, researching, and writing a treatment for a documentary short, students will develop an overview of the documentary process from development through distribution. The course will touch on research, story, production and post production logistics, legal, financing, budgeting, distribution, and ethical issues in the creation of documentary films.
This second course of three consecutive courses focuses on using a systems and developmental approach to expand the knowledge of the advanced practice student. This course will focus on the differential diagnosis and comprehensive multi-modal management of commonly encountered acute and chronic physical and mental health illnesses as they affect individuals across the lifespan. Emphasis will be placed on the age specific biopsychosocial variables influencing those health problems and behaviors which are most likely to present, and are most amenable to management in a community setting.
While intersectionality is beginning to take hold within the international aid and development industry, addressing race as a construct that has shaped the history, practice and culture of development as a whole is just emerging across much of the sector. This course will be a participatory exploration of concepts and practices of race and power in international development. We will draw on critical race, feminist, intersectionality and decolonial conceptual frameworks and tools, and examine different sites of transformation throughout the course. The ‘arc’ of the course will be from self/individual level, to exploring relevant concepts, learning frameworks for analysis and strategizing, engaging with practice and determining a course of inquiry and action in the context of a development organization or program. Students will be engaged with readings, group discussions, discussions with guest practitioners and group projects. The course will be a participatory exploration, at multiple levels - individual, interpersonal, organization and society – of how race and racism operate in international development institutions and programs. They will reflect on their own understanding of and experiences of race, power, privilege, and marginalization and reflect on how intersecting identities shape their interactions with others. Students will examine the colonial history of international development, and the ways in which neo-colonial attitudes persist in contemporary development systems, organizations, policies and practices and learn about tools and frameworks to better understand these dynamics and create change strategies to transform them.
Registration priority will be given to EPD, MDP, IO/UN and GPP students.
For the poorest, the lack of a safe convenient place to save and easy and timely access to small loans translates into doing without, selling assets and making decisions that keep families locked into poverty. The focus of this class is helping the poorest begin to move out of poverty by improving how they save, borrow, and manage their money. What you learn in class and through the readings will help you to design and implement large-scale, low cost even self-replicating projects. This in contrast to the sea of ill conceived, top down, expensive, small-scale, low performing development initiatives that are all too common. This class focuses on catalyzing the capacity of local people to take the lead on solving their own problems. We will cover various strategies for assisting the poorest: Microfinance, Mobile money, Savings Groups, Ultra-Poor Graduation Programs, Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) and Cash Transfer programs, and Traditional savings circles in developing and developed countries. This course will provide you with the practical tools you need to design and launch effective projects in the field. This course meets for seven four-hour sessions.
To begin to develop an understanding and vocabulary in relation to theatrical design with a central emphasis on the roles of scenery and costumes in telling a dramatic story. The class will begin with a general introduction into the issues and goals of the course, after which there will be three sessions devoted to issues of scene design and three sessions devoted to issues of costume design. Shakespeare’s Hamlet will be the focus for these discussions. Over the course of these sessions, directors will be asked to gather visual research and, in the end, arrive at a concept for their production of the play. Directors will also be asked to visit one set and one costume class so that they can see how designers are grappling with the same principles and developing different approaches to interpreting and realizing a theatrical text for the stage.
This seminar will be a research-based introduction to research and contemporary debates on economic inequality, covering diverse topics related to measurement, normative issues, explanations, and policy responses, both from domestic and international perspectives. Two economists will teach the class with research in this broad area but with somewhat different perspectives on several topics, and we expect that working through the reasons why will be part of the appeal of the class. The class will be based on academic research papers and will require reading contemporary economics research papers, writing brief response papers, and simple empirical data exercises.
This class will focus in on how to direct opera and will cover the process of making an opera from analysing the score until the opening night. The aims are to: 1) Introduce theatre directing students to the practical differences between theatre and opera directing; 2) Equip them with practical skills and knowledge so that they could walk into any opera rehearsal room (either as an assistant or a director) and know exactly what to expect and how to manage the process; 3) Offer them techniques to strengthen their skill of interpretation or concept by guiding them to focus in on one specific opera case study; and 4) Introduce them to specialist professional practitioners, like conductors, singers and set designers, to allow them to understand the art form through the lens of the collaborators the opera director works with.