INTERMEDIATE MACROECONOMICS

Prerequisites: (MATH UN1101 or MATH UN1207) and ECON UN1105 or the equivalent. Corequisites: MATH UN1201 This course covers the determination of output, employment, inflation and interest rates. Topics include economic growth, business cycles, monetary and fiscal policy, consumption and savings and national income accounting.

• Department: Economics
• TR 2:40 p.m.-3:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Irasema Alonso
  CULPA: 12 Info
• 4 points

Bach Interpretation for Performers

Bach Inter for Performers

This course will explore the music of Johann Sebastian Bach from the perspective of performance. Attention will be given to Baroque dance forms and the social significance of dance in the 18th century, the art of rhetoric as a driving force for convincing delivery, an exploration of period instruments, and the study of elements of style such as articulation and ornamentation. The course consists of lectures, discussions, guided listening, score analysis, reading assignments, and performance projects. Aside from Bach’s scores, we will examine three key 17th- and 18th-century vocal and instrumental treatises, and a wide array of literature on rhetorical style and performance practice. Upon successful completion of the course, students will gain a deeper understanding of
interpreting the music of J.S. Bach and Baroque music in general, both as listeners and as performers.

• Department: Music
• MW 2:40 p.m.-3:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Magdalena Baczewska
  CULPA: 4 Info
• 3 points

Religion In Early America- Discussion

RELIGION IN EARLY AMERICA

This course accompanies RELI UN3203: Religion in the Modern US to examine the history of religion in the United States from the Civil War to the present through thematic units focused on the legal structures of religious freedom; race, religion, and nationality; healing, aesthetics, and embodiment; and, finally, religion and politics. Over the course of the semester, students will explore various religious communities as well as the ways social, political, and economic factors have shaped those traditions – and how religious communities have in turn shaped US society, politics, and culture. Students will also be introduced to key themes and debates in the field of American religious studies.

• Department: Religion @Barnard
• R 10:10 a.m.-11 a.m.
• R 4:10 p.m.-5 p.m.
• Instructor: Cella Masso-Rivetti
  Info
• 0 points

INTER MACROECONOMICS-DISC

Discussion section for ECON UN3213 Intermediate Macro. Student must register for a section.

• Department: Economics
• 0 points

LATINX AND THE ICE/PRISON INDUSTRIAL COM

JOURNALISM: LATINX&ICE/PR

This course encompasses themes of race, ethnicity, mass incarceration, and immigration in the modern United States, with special attention to the stories of Latinx people. We will consider the roles of journalistic writing, documentaries, and personal narratives in shaping public policy and attitudes towards lives behind bars. Guest speakers will also provide personal experiences to help reframe our own narratives and perspectives on these issues. The course’s primary goal is to challenge the process of how stories of race, immigration, and mass incarceration are written, by developing scholarly pieces.

• Department: English @Barnard
• R 2:10 p.m.-4 p.m.
• Instructor: Maria D Hinojosa
  Info
• 4 points

HYBRID NONFICTION FORMS

Prerequisites: No prerequisites. Department approval NOT required. Creative nonfiction is a frustratingly vague term. How do we give it real literary meaning; examine its compositional aims and techniques, its achievements and especially its aspirations? This course will focus on works that we might call visionary - works that combine art forms, genres and styles in striking ways. Works in which image and text combine to create a third interactive language for the reader. Works still termed fiction history or journalism that join fact and fiction to interrogate their uses and implications. Certain memoirs that are deliberately anti-autobiographical, turning from personal narrative to the sounds, sight, impressions and ideas of the writers milieu. Certain essays that join personal reflection to arts and cultural criticism, drawing on research and imagination, the vernacular and the formal, even prose and poetry. The assemblage or collage that, created from notebook entries, lists, quotations, footnotes and indexes achieves its coherence through fragments and associations, found and original texts.

• Department: Writing
• T 12:10 p.m.-2 p.m.
• Instructor: Margo L Jefferson
  CULPA: 1 Info
• 3 points

WRITING ABOUT ART

Prerequisites: No prerequisites. Department approval NOT required. 

This course will introduce students to writing about visual art. We will take our models from art history and contemporary art discourse, and students will be prompted to write with and about current art exhibitions and events throughout the city. The modes of art writing we will encounter include: the practice of ekphrasis (poems which describe or derive their inspiration from a work of art); writers such as John Ashbery, Gary Indiana, Eileen Myles, and others who for periods of their life held positions as art critics while composing poetry and works of fiction; writers such as Etel Adnan, Susan Howe, and Renee Gladman who have produced literature and works of art in equal measure. We will also look at artists who have written essays and poetry throughout their careers such as Robert Smithson, Glenn Ligon, Gregg Bordowitz, Moyra Davey, and Hannah Black, and consider both the visual qualities of writing and the ways that visual artists have used writing in their work. Lastly, we will consider what it means to write through a “milieu” of visual artists, such as those associated with the New York School and Moscow Conceptualism. Throughout the course students will produce original works and complete a final writing project that enriches, complicates, and departs from their own interests and preoccupations.

• Department: Writing
• W 12:10 p.m.-2 p.m.
• Instructor: Eliza B Callahan
  Info
• 3 points

Religious Histories of New York City

Religious Histories of NY

This class examines different religious histories of New York City from the early 1800s through the 1950s. We will explore how different religious traditions were shaped by the city and its diversity, and how those people and institutions left their imprints on the city we live in today. The first half of the semester focuses on intersecting themes of religion and capitalism, religion and gender and sexuality, and on the social dynamics of the city’s symbolic meanings as place of refuge and liberation (for domestic and foreign migrants) or as a locus of sin in need of moral reform. The second half of the semester turns to case studies of different neighborhoods including Harlem, the Lower East Side, Williamsburg, and Flushing. How did different religious communities conceptualize “the neighborhood” in relation to the larger city, and how did they grapple with diversity and change? Students will also be introduced to archival collections of the East Harlem Protestant Parish and several settlement houses located at the Burke Library at Union Theological Seminary and at Butler Library.

• Department: Religion @Barnard
• R 12:10 p.m.-2 p.m.
• Instructor: Gale L Kenny
  CULPA: 5 Info
• 4 points

KOREAN POPULAR CINEMA

• Department: East Asian Languages and Cultures
• W 4:10 p.m.-6 p.m.
• Instructor: Theodore Hughes
  CULPA: 6 Info
• 4 points

SCIENCE AND SENSIBILITY

• Department: Writing
• M 10:10 a.m.-noon
• Instructor: Meehan J Crist
  Info
• 3 points

RACE, ETHNICITY & SOCIETY

Examines the social construction of race and ethnicity in the United States from colonial period to present. Analyzes how capitalist interests, class differences, gender, immigration, and who “deserves” the full rights and privileges of citizenship, shape boundaries between and within racial and ethnic groups. Also considers how racism affects resource access inequities between racial groups in education, criminal justice, media, and other domains. Explores factors underpinning major social change with an eye toward discerning social conditions necessary to create and sustain just social systems.

• Department: Sociology @Barnard
• TR 1:10 p.m.-2:25 p.m.
• Instructor: Angela Simms
  Info
• 3 points

LOGIC OF COLLECTIVE CHOICE

Much of politics is about combining individual preferences or actions into collective choices. We will make use of two theoretical approaches. Our primary approach will be social choice theory, which studies how we aggregate what individuals want into what the collective ;wants.; The second approach, game theory, covers how we aggregate what individuals want into what the group gets, given that social, economic, and political outcomes usually depend on the interaction of individual choices. The aggregation of preferences or choices is usually governed by some set of institutional rules, formal or informal. Our main themes include the rationality of individual and group preferences, the underpinnings and implications of using majority rule, tradeoffs between aggregation methods, the fairness of group choice, the effects of institutional constraints on choice (e.g. agenda control), and the implications for democratic choice. Most of the course material is highly abstract, but these abstract issues turn up in many real-world problems, from bargaining between the branches of government to campus elections to judicial decisions on multi-member courts to the allocation of relief funds among victims of natural disasters to the scoring of Olympic events. The collective choice problem is one faced by society as a whole and by the smallest group alike.

• Department: Political Science
• TR 10:10 a.m.-11:25 a.m.
• Instructor: Jeffrey R Lax
  CULPA: 32 h-index: 22 Info
• 3 points

LITERATURE & EMPIRE (19C LIT)

Explores the aesthetic and formal developments in Russian prose, especially the rise of the monumental 19th-century novel, as one manifestation of a complex array of national and cultural aspirations, humanistic and imperialist ones alike. Works by Pushkin, Lermonotov, Gogol, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, and Chekhov. Knowledge of Russian not required.

• Department: Slavic Languages @Barnard
• TR 10:10 a.m.-11:25 a.m.
• Instructor: John C Wright
  CULPA: 1 Info
• 3 points

GERM TRAVELING CLTRES(IN ENG)

Examines accounts of traveling or living in South America, Africa, and Germany from a postcolonial and transnational perspective. Discussion of German explorers, colonialism, global tourism, multiculturalism, focusing on the relationship between mobility and the formation of African, Jewish, Turkish bicultural identities in different historical contexts and geographical settings. Close attention to the role of language, ideology, and itinerary in visual, aural, and written records by A.v.Humboldt, Merian, J. Baker, Massaquoi, Wackwitz, Oezdamar, Akin. In English

• Department: German @Barnard
• TR 2:40 p.m.-3:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Erk Grimm
  CULPA: 10 Info
• 3 points

SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION

All of us have spent many years in school and understand that schools impact our lives in important ways. But how exactly does formal schooling shape young people? And how do students make sense of their lives in the context of schools and educational systems more broadly? In this class we will examine education as a central institution in modern society, and we will grapple with an important question: What role does education play in reinforcing or challenging broader patterns of social inequality and mobility? Particular emphasis will be placed on higher education as a critical site in which these processes take shape.

• Department: Sociology @Barnard
• MW 4:10 p.m.-5:25 p.m.
• Instructor: Dominic T Walker
  Info
• 3 points

LIFE STORIES

NF SEM - LIFE STORIES

In this seminar, we will target nonfiction that tells stories about lives: profiles, memoirs, and biographies. We will examine how the practice of this kind of nonfiction, and ideas about it, have evolved over the past 150 years. Along the way, we will ask questions about these nonfiction forms: How do reporters, memoirists, biographers, and critics make sense of their subjects? How do they create work as rich as the best novels and short stories? Can criticism explicate the inner life of a human subject? What roles do voice, point-of-view, character, dialogue, and plot—the traditional elements of fiction—play? Along the way, we’ll engage in issues of identity and race, memory and self, real persons and invented characters and we’ll get glimpses of such key publications as
The Atlantic Monthly, The New Yorker, Esquire, Harper’s, and The New York Review of Books.
Some writers we will consider: Frederick Douglass, Louisa May Alcott, Walt Whitman, Henry Adams, Joseph Mitchell, Lillian Ross, James Agee, John Hersey, Edmund Wilson, Gore Vidal, Gay Talese, James Baldwin, Vladimir Nabokov, Janet Malcolm, Robert Caro, Joyce Carol Oates, Toni Morrison, Joan Didion, and Henry Louis Gates Jr. The course regularly welcomes guest speakers.

• Department: Writing
• M 6:10 p.m.-8 p.m.
• Instructor: Mark Rozzo
  Info
• 3 points

Tricksters in World Culture: Mockery, Su

Trickster in World Cultur

Tricksters constitute one of the universal themes or tropes in mythology and folklore of many cultures. Through the discussions of ancient Greek, Native-American, African, Paleo-Asiatic, Scandinavian, African-American, Muslim and Jewish myths and folklore about tricksters, the course will telescope the cultural functions of the comedic transgression as a form of social critique; it will also highlight cynicism, its productive and dangerous aspects. Then we’ll introduce different historical subtypes of tricksters, such as a fool, jester, holy fool, kynik, picaro, con artist, female and queer tricksters, thus  moving through premodern and early modern periods. Each type of the trickster is illustrated by literary examples from different world cultures (European and non-European alike) as well as theoretical works of Mikhail Bakhtin, Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, and Peter Sloterdijk. Finally, the role of the trickster in modernity will be discussed through the case of Soviet tricksters, who had become true superstars manifesting the resistance to repressive political ideology by the means of “cynical reason”.  

FORMAT

The class consists of lectures and group discussions. On a typical week, the first class will be a lecture for all students; for the second class of the week, you will be divided into 3 sections and have separate sessions (all three at the same time in different rooms)  led by Teaching Assistants. Assignments for group discussions are listed on the syllabus along with others.
We will not break the class in discussion sections before Week 3.

 
The distribution of students between discussion sections will be announced in class after the beginning of the semester. This course is a co-requisite of RUSS UN3232.

• Department: Slavic Languages
• M 4:10 p.m.-5:25 p.m.
• Instructor: Mark Lipovetsky
  Wikipedia Info
• 3 points

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II-LEC

Prerequisites: CHEM BC3230. Lecture: MWF 10:00-10:50. Extension of concepts from Organic Chemistry I to conjugated systems; chemistry of the carbonyl group; NMR and IR spectroscopy; bioorganic chemistry.

• Department: Chemistry @Barnard
• MWF 1:10 p.m.-2 p.m.
• Instructor: Christian Rojas
  CULPA: 24 Info
• 3 points

Tricksters in World Culture: Mockery, Su

Tricksters constitute one of the universal themes or tropes in mythology and folklore of many cultures. Through the discussions of ancient Greek, Native-American, African, Paleo-Asiatic, Scandinavian, African-American, Muslim and Jewish myths and folklore about tricksters, the course will telescope the cultural functions of the comedic transgression as a form of social critique; it will also highlight cynicism, its productive and dangerous aspects. Then we’ll introduce different historical subtypes of tricksters, such as a fool, jester, holy fool, kynik, picaro, con artist, female and queer tricksters, thus  moving through premodern and early modern periods. Each type of the trickster is illustrated by literary examples from different world cultures (European and non-European alike) as well as theoretical works of Mikhail Bakhtin, Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, and Peter Sloterdijk. Finally, the role of the trickster in modernity will be discussed through the case of Soviet tricksters, who had become true superstars manifesting the resistance to repressive political ideology by the means of “cynical reason”.  

FORMAT

The class consists of lectures and group discussions. On a typical week, the first class will be a lecture for all students; for the second class of the week, you will be divided into 3 sections and have separate sessions (all three at the same time in different rooms)  led by Teaching Assistants. Assignments for group discussions are listed on the syllabus along with others.
We will not break the class in discussion sections before Week 3.

 
The distribution of students between discussion sections will be announced in class after the beginning of the semester.

• Department: Slavic Languages
• W 4:10 p.m.-5:25 p.m.
• 0 points

Tricksters in World Culture: Mockery, Su

Tricksters constitute one of the universal themes or tropes in mythology and folklore of many cultures. Through the discussions of ancient Greek, Native-American, African, Paleo-Asiatic, Scandinavian, African-American, Muslim and Jewish myths and folklore about tricksters, the course will telescope the cultural functions of the comedic transgression as a form of social critique; it will also highlight cynicism, its productive and dangerous aspects. Then we’ll introduce different historical subtypes of tricksters, such as a fool, jester, holy fool, kynik, picaro, con artist, female and queer tricksters, thus  moving through premodern and early modern periods. Each type of the trickster is illustrated by literary examples from different world cultures (European and non-European alike) as well as theoretical works of Mikhail Bakhtin, Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, and Peter Sloterdijk. Finally, the role of the trickster in modernity will be discussed through the case of Soviet tricksters, who had become true superstars manifesting the resistance to repressive political ideology by the means of “cynical reason”.  

FORMAT

The class consists of lectures and group discussions. On a typical week, the first class will be a lecture for all students; for the second class of the week, you will be divided into 3 sections and have separate sessions (all three at the same time in different rooms)  led by Teaching Assistants. Assignments for group discussions are listed on the syllabus along with others.
We will not break the class in discussion sections before Week 3.

 
The distribution of students between discussion sections will be announced in class after the beginning of the semester.

• Department: Slavic Languages
• W 4:10 p.m.-5:25 p.m.
• 0 points

Tricksters in World Culture: Mockery, Su

Tricksters constitute one of the universal themes or tropes in mythology and folklore of many cultures. Through the discussions of ancient Greek, Native-American, African, Paleo-Asiatic, Scandinavian, African-American, Muslim and Jewish myths and folklore about tricksters, the course will telescope the cultural functions of the comedic transgression as a form of social critique; it will also highlight cynicism, its productive and dangerous aspects. Then we’ll introduce different historical subtypes of tricksters, such as a fool, jester, holy fool, kynik, picaro, con artist, female and queer tricksters, thus  moving through premodern and early modern periods. Each type of the trickster is illustrated by literary examples from different world cultures (European and non-European alike) as well as theoretical works of Mikhail Bakhtin, Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, and Peter Sloterdijk. Finally, the role of the trickster in modernity will be discussed through the case of Soviet tricksters, who had become true superstars manifesting the resistance to repressive political ideology by the means of “cynical reason”.  

FORMAT

The class consists of lectures and group discussions. On a typical week, the first class will be a lecture for all students; for the second class of the week, you will be divided into 3 sections and have separate sessions (all three at the same time in different rooms)  led by Teaching Assistants. Assignments for group discussions are listed on the syllabus along with others.
We will not break the class in discussion sections before Week 3.

 
The distribution of students between discussion sections will be announced in class after the beginning of the semester.

• Department: Slavic Languages
• W 4:10 p.m.-5:25 p.m.
• 0 points

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

Prerequisites: One introductory course in Sociology suggested. Social movements and the theories social scientists use to explain them, with emphasis on contemporary American activism. Cases include the Southern civil rights movement, Black Lives Matter, contemporary feminist mobilizations, LGBTQ activism, immigrant rights and more recent forms of grassroots politics.

• Department: Sociology @Barnard
• TR 8:40 a.m.-9:55 a.m.
• Instructor: Debra Minkoff
  CULPA: 6 h-index: 17 Info
• 4 points

Medieval and Renaissance Venice

Medieval & Renaiss Venice

This undergraduate travel seminar investigates the architecture, urbanism, and visual culture of Venice from its origins in the early medieval period to the sixteenth century, with particular focus on major religious and civic monuments. While San Marco and the adjacent Palazzo Ducale will be a core concern, Venetian monuments large and small will receive attention. Further emphasis will be placed on saintly relics as markers of cultural and religious identity, the invention and visual manifestation of cult traditions, and changes in Venice’s sacred topography as a result of its expansions on the mainland and in the Eastern Mediterranean.

• Department: Art History and Archaeology
• T 4:10 p.m.-6 p.m.
• 4 points

SEEING THE BODY

Seeing the Body: Movement and Physicality in Modern Visual Culture will examine how concepts of
movement, space, and time gained an outsized role in photographic and cinematic experimentation,
typography, interior design and exhibition, contributing a “choreographic voice” to the interwar age.

• Department: Dance @Barnard
• MW 1:10 p.m.-2:25 p.m.
• Instructor: Marjorie Folkman
  CULPA: 2 Info
• 3 points

African American Literature: The Essay

AFRICAN AMERICAN LIT: ESS

According to literary critic Cheryl A. Wall, African American writers have done their most influential work in the essay form. Using Wall’s scholarship as a starting point, this course explores essays by a distinguished group of writers from Frederick Douglass to Toni Morrison to consider the centrality of this understudied form to African American writing.

• Department: English and Comparative Literature
• W 2:10 p.m.-4 p.m.
• Instructor: Farah Griffin
  CULPA: 10 Wikipedia Info
• 4 points

ADVANCED COMPOSITION I

Composition in more extended forms. Study of advanced techniques of contemporary composition. Readings of student works.

• Department: Music
• MW 10:10 a.m.-11:25 a.m.
• Instructor: Zosha Di Castri
  Info
• 3 points

ABSENT MOTHERS, WICKED STEPMOTHERS

ABSENT MOTHERS:FOLK&FAIRY

Why are stepmothers and stepdaughters inevitable enemies in folk and fairy tales? Why are fathers blameless and biological mothers absent (and usually dead)? And how do these narratives, so deeply woven into our own media and language, affect our sense of our own lived reality? In this course, we’ll untangle the complicated web of relationships between mothers, daughters, and stepmothers in folk and fairy tales, from ancient Rome to current cinema. We’ll read analytic psychology, feminist literary theory, cultural history, and other critical perspectives to help us analyze the absent mother, virginal daughter, hapless father, and evil stepmother tropes across time and space, so we can defamiliarize these familiar figures and develop a deeper understanding of how and why they dominate the popular imagination. This is an upper-level course, with priority for juniors and seniors.

• Department: English @Barnard
• T 4:10 p.m.-6 p.m.
• Instructor: Wendy C Schor-Haim
  CULPA: 11 Info
• 4 points

FRENCH THRU CURRENT EVENTS

The course will offer students an understanding of fundamental underlying concepts that structure French society and that are necessary to grasp if one wants to follow current events in France. This course could be of interest not only to CC students but also to students enrolled at SIPA or Teacher’s College.

 

Moreover, this course would allow for a comparative approach to how same events are covered in US, or other foreign media, and in France.

 

Given that this course will deal with current events, the readings will depend entirely on how the news unfolds. Students will be given an introduction to the various media outlets available to them: the press, television and online sources. As the course unfolds, I will adapt the choice of sources that best follow events as they happen. 2022 for example, will be the year France assumes the presidency of the European Union. It will also be the year of the presidential elections. For such events, I will propose specific institutional sources. On the other hand, events that could not be anticipated will require some form of guidance in terms of sources.

 

In spite of the obvious unpredictability of the specific content of this course, certain key concepts necessary to understand current events in France will be presented. These may vary slightly from one semester to another, but would include, without being limited to: the structure of government and public institutions, political parties, unions and “associations”, social benefits and “the welfare state”, public vs. private sector, “Paris is France”, universalism, secularism and “
laïcité
”, cultural exceptionalism, the figure of the intellectual, national identity, immigration, geography of France and demographics, relation to Europe, geopolitics, globalization and sovereignty. Of course, the choice of themes and concepts in a given semester would be influenced by dominant topics in the French news.

• Department: French
• TR 1:10 p.m.-2:25 p.m.
• Instructor: Samuel Skippon
  CULPA: 13 Info
• 3 points

Environmental Sociology

ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY

This course examines the social roots and impacts of environmental contamination and disasters, in order to understand how humans relate to nature in the context of global racial capitalism and the possibilities for creating a more sustainable world. We will also explore how racism is foundational to environmental exploitation and consider why global struggles for racial justice are crucial for protecting both people and the earth, paying particular attention to how environmental health inequalities are linked to race, class, gender, and nation. We will consider key theories, debates, and unresolved questions in the subfield of environmental sociology and discuss future directions for the sociological study of human/environment relations.

• Department: Sociology @Barnard
• MW 6:10 p.m.-7:25 p.m.
• Instructor: Maricarmen Hernandez
  Info
• 3 points

AMERICAN TELEVISION DRAMA

Between prestige and streaming, the medium of television has never covered a wider breadth of narratives, voices, and concerns. This course will take a closer look at the format of the American Drama and how it has served as a cultural tool since its inception, reflecting the concerns of the time in one form or another. Through theoretical readings and sociological texts, the course will survey and sharpen our understanding of the power of the medium when placed in conversation with the greater American discourse.

• Department: Film @Barnard
• F 2:10 p.m.-5:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Ben Alexander
  Info
• 3 points

JAZZ DANCE III

This class explores Advanced contemporary jazz movement using music from both American and Diasporic pop culture.

• Department: Dance @Barnard
• MW 2:40 p.m.-3:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Ehizoje J Azeke
  Info
• 2 points

THE MARRIAGE PLOT

This upper-level research-oriented seminar will engage with literary expressions of the universally interesting topic of marriage. Tony Tanner in his famous
Adultery in the Novel
characterizes marriage as “the structure which supports all structure.” Contemporary critics have seen marriage as essential to maintaining the “family values” of the bourgeoisie; feminists and Marxists have challenged the economic assumptions of patriarchally-defined marriage. Folklorists have treated marriage as the endpoint of the search for a safe domestic space.

Starting in ancient times with classic fairy tales and the Hebrew Bible, moving on to a famous medieval poem, a medieval memoir, and three nineteenth-century novels, we will encounter cultural expressions which address intimate partnerships with an emphasis on marriage as a defining condition.

• Department: English @Barnard
• M 4:10 p.m.-6 p.m.
• Instructor: Daphne Miriam Merkin
  Wikipedia Info
• 4 points

Arts in Action

French Through The Visual

The course is an introduction to the visual arts and art professions in the context of French and

francophone arts and cultural institutions. Students will experience arts through class discussions of artistic production and a familiarization with art history and art criticism in French, presentations, workshops, discussions with art professionals, guest lectures, and visits to art museums and

galleries. Students who take the class can apply for paid internships in an art institution in the

spring following the class. In these internships, students will use some of the French language

skills they have acquired in class.

• Department: French
• MW 11:40 a.m.-12:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Pascale Crepon
  CULPA: 10 Info
• 3 points

FLAMENCO

The study of contemporary flamenco dance technique with special emphasis on improvisation and performance. Through video and reading assignments and attendance at live performances, students will also develop a context for understanding flamenco art, pedagogy, and culture.

• Department: Dance @Barnard
• F 11 a.m.-12:50 p.m.
• Instructor: Nelida Tirado
  Info
• 2 points

ADAPTATION

In the same way that there can never be a single objective account of an historical event, using one medium to convey a story first told in another is never as straightforward as it might seem. Translating the essence of an existing story to the screen may require making significant changes to the events or characters as they were originally presented. As a screenwriter faced with such an adaptation, you must understand the idiosyncrasies of your craft well enough to recognize what to keep, what to change, and what to leave behind. This course will explore what makes a screen story work, balancing faithfulness and invention.

• Department: Film @Barnard
• R 4:10 p.m.-7 p.m.
• Instructor: Danielle T Douge
  Info
• 3 points

What is Fascism?

This course explores fascism through an interdisciplinary, trans-historical lens. Beginning with Germany’s Third Reich, we will examine fascism’s history and foundations in social, political, religious, and scientific developments. We will explore various theories—ranging from psychoanalytic to philosophical—which try to explain the rise and spread of fascism. To help conceptualize fascism, we will analyze its complex relationship with race, ideology, and nationalism, and in particular, its deployment of technology, aesthetics, and propaganda. We will apply our own working definition of fascism to the contemporary moment by analyzing current populist, authoritarian movements around the globe. Taught in English.

• Department: Germanic Languages
• MW 2:40 p.m.-3:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Annie Pfeifer
  CULPA: 2 Info
• 3 points

Rethinking Imperialism in the Middle Eas

Rethinking Imperialism: M

What is imperialism? Why does it happen? What different forms did it take over time? And why is addressing imperialism essential in understanding histories of the Global South, and its contemporary social, political, economic, and cultural realities? How did the economic exploitation of societies by this system affect their socio-economic structures? Is imperialism responsible for the persistent and growing global inequalities? In this course, we will approach these questions and more from a South-centered perspective introducing students to some of the histories, debates, and questions on the subject. 

This course surveys histories of Imperialism in South Asia, the Middle East, and Africa in the 18th and 19th centuries. The course is divided into three units reflecting cases from the three regions while focusing on different historical periods. First, we will study British imperialism in India in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. For the second unit, we will focus on the case of Egypt and its occupation in the late 19th century. Third, we will examine the British Empire in West Africa and East Africa at the turn of the century. 

Each unit will touch on three themes with various degrees of focus. First, we will ask why imperialism? explaining the different reasons and dynamics for imperialist expansion in the three regions. In the second theme, we will examine the political economy of colonial rule and how it manifested differently over time and space. In the third theme, we will explore social change, resistance, and questions of labor in colonial settings. 

The course will also serve to introduce students to using primary materials in their studies, using documents varying from contracts, laws, newspaper articles, reports, and correspondences. In some weeks we will explore some basics on how to find primary sources, the different types of sources, and how to use them in your research.

• Department: Middle Eastern, South Asian and African Studies
• W 6:10 p.m.-8 p.m.
• Instructor: Nadeem Mansour
  Info
• 3 points

QUANTUM CHEMISTRY

Prerequisites:  2 semesters of calculus-based introductory physics, Calculus II, BC3242 Quantitative Analysis, or permission of instructor. Exact and approximate solutions to the Schrodinger equation. The structure of atoms and molecules. Chemical bonding and spectroscopy. Computer-based molecular modeling.

• Department: Chemistry @Barnard
• MWF 10 a.m.-10:50 a.m.
• Instructor: Andrew C Crowther
  CULPA: 1 Info
• 3 points

RACE AND THE US CARCERAL SYSTEM

Race & the US Carceral Sy

This course will introduce students to research on the institutions of the US carceral system, including the police, courts, prisons, and immigration control. We will focus on two questions: how race relates to experiences with the institutions of the carceral state, and how those institutions in turn influence racial politics. The main objective is not the accumulation of factual knowledge about this system, but familiarity with theoretical frameworks with which to make and critically assess arguments about the functioning of carceral institutions as they relate to racialized people and the functioning of democracy.

• Department: Political Science
• MW 4:10 p.m.-5:25 p.m.
• Instructor: Andrew J McCall
  Info
• 3 points

COMPUTER SCIENCE THEORY

Regular languages: deterministic and non-deterministic finite automata, regular expressions. Context-free languages: context-free grammars, push-down automata. Turing machines, the Chomsky hierarchy, and the Church-Turing thesis. Introduction to Complexity Theory and NP-Completeness.

• Department: Computer Science
• TR 8:40 a.m.-9:55 a.m.
• TR 10:10 a.m.-11:25 a.m.
• Instructor: Tal Malkin
  CULPA: 18 Wikipedia h-index: 45 Info
• 3 points

MONEY AND BANKING

Prerequisites: ECON UN3211 and ECON UN3213 or the equivalent. Introduction to the principles of money and banking. The intermediary institutions of the American economy and their historical developments, current issues in monetary and financial reform.

• Department: Economics @Barnard
• TR 1:10 p.m.-2:25 p.m.
• Instructor: Elham Saeidinezhad
  CULPA: 5 Info
• 3 points

LATIN AMER LIT (IN TRANSLATN)

Study of contemporary Latin American narrative; its origins and apotheosis. Readings include Machado de Assis, Borges, Garcia Marquez, Puig, and others.

• Department: Spanish and Latin American Culture
• MW 2:40 p.m.-3:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Alfred Mac Adam
  CULPA: 40 Info
• 3 points

NONFIC DIGTL VIDEO PRODCTN

Nonfiction Digital Video Production: Enrollment limited to 12 students. Registering for the course only through myBarnard or SSOL will NOT ensure your enrollment. Attend first class for instructor permission. Lab section required. This workshop course is designed to familiarize students with digital video technologies while they investigate various aesthetic and theoretical concepts related to nonfiction cinema and its engagement with the real. Through weekly readings, discussions, screenings, critiques, and practical exercises, students will develop a solid understanding of how to use digital video as an expressive tool. The course will culminate in the completion of a short video work by each student. Students should be both self-directed and interested in developing a support system for each others work.

• Department: Film @Barnard
• F 3 p.m.-4 p.m.
• W 10:10 a.m.-noon
• Instructor: Margaret J McLagan
  Info
• Instructor: Ross T Hamilton
  CULPA: 25 Info
• 3 points

DIGITAL PRODUCTION

Prerequisites:
both
FILM BC3201 (or equivalent)
and
FILM BC3200 (or equivalent). Digital Production offers visual storytellers an incredible medium to connect and build an audience. It is an inexpensive, accessible platform to launch micro-budget concepts. Developing the storytellers voice  inexpensively is critical to the evolution of any student, no matter their starting point. The Digital Series course is intended to take students from story ideation through creation of an independent digital series. Emanating from a writers room setting, all steps of the process will be explored and supported by in-class discussion, examples and workshops. This hands-on class revolves around the TV series production model: breaking story, writing pages, preproduction planning, filming and post-production review. We will emphasize the writers voice, construction of series storytelling, and establishing realistic scopes of production.

• Department: Film @Barnard
• T 3:10 p.m.-6 p.m.
• Instructor: Danielle T Douge
  Info
• 3 points

UNSEEN MASTERWORKS OF WORLD CINEMA

MASTERWORKS: ARAB CINEMA

This course examines the portrayal of significant themes in international cinema. Through a selection of diverse cinematic works from various countries, students will analyze different cultural, historical, and political perspectives. The course aims to enhance students' understanding of complex topics, their impact on individuals and societies, and the ethical questions they evoke. Through critical analysis and discussion, students will engage with a range of cinematic works that offer alternative narratives and perspectives.

• Department: Film @Barnard
• M 4:10 p.m.-7:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Sam Abbas
  Info
• 3 points

WORKSHOP IN SUSTAINABLE DEVPT

The upper level undergraduate Sustainable Development Workshop will be modeled on client based graduate-level workshops, but with more time devoted to methods of applied policy analysis and issues in Sustainable Development. The heart of the course is the group project on an issue of sustainable development with a faculty advisor providing guidance and ultimately grading student performance. Students would receive instruction on methodology, group work, communication and the context of policy analysis. Much of the reading in the course would be project-specific and identified by the student research teams. Offered in Fall and Spring.

• Department: Earth Institute
• MW 2:10 p.m.-4 p.m.
• TR 12:10 p.m.-2 p.m.
• Instructor: Jenna M Lawrence
  CULPA: 6 Info
• Instructor: Radley M Horton
  Info
• 4 points

BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Prerequisites: (CHEM BC3230) and (CHEM BC3231) BIOL BC1502. Introduction to biochemical building blocks, macromolecules, and metabolism. Structures of amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids. Protein structure and folding. Enzyme mechanisms, kinetics, allostery. Membranes and biosignaling. Catabolism and anabolism with emphasis on chemical intermediates, metabolic energy, catalysis by specific enzymes, regulation.

• Department: Chemistry @Barnard
• MW 2:40 p.m.-3:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Romina L Mancusso
  Info
• 3 points

ISRAELI SOC & ISR-PLS CONFLICT

The purpose of the course is to acquaint students with Israeli society through the lens of the Israeli- Palestinian conflict. The underlying assumption in this course is that much of the social, economic, political, and cultural processes in contemporary Israel have been shaped by the 100-year Israeli- Arab/Palestinian conflict.

• Department: Sociology
• TR 4:10 p.m.-5:25 p.m.
• Instructor: Yinon Cohen
  CULPA: 4 Wikipedia h-index: 33 Info
• 3 points

VOTING AND AMERICAN POLITICS

This course explores causes and effects of political behavior in the United States. “Political behavior” is a broad concept, and can include many areas of engagement with civic life. As we consider “behavior,” we must also take on its foundations: Public opinion, ideology, and partisanship. We will focus primarily on mass politics—beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of ordinary citizens rather than of activists or elites—in the United States. However, we will also explore some effects of elite behavior on mass behavior. We will also focus on the interconnections between social structure, culture, and politics. In short, this course will focus on developing an understanding of the mechanisms that drive voting and other political behaviors in the United States.

• Department: Political Science
• TR 10:10 a.m.-11:25 a.m.
• Instructor: Robert Erikson
  CULPA: 20 Wikipedia h-index: 59 Info
• 3 points

Topics in Modern Statistics

Stat Analysis/Neural Data

Topics in Modern Statistics that provide undergraduate students with an opportunity to study a specialized area of statistics in more depth and to meet the educational needs of a rapidly growing field. Courses listed are reviewed and approved by the Undergraduate Advisory Committee of the Department of Statistics. A good working knowledge of basic statistical concepts (likelihood,
Bayes' rule, Poisson processes, Markov chains, Gaussian random vectors), including especially linear-algebraic concepts related to regression and principal components analysis, is necessary. No previous experience with neural data is required.

• Department: Statistics
• F 1:30 p.m.-3 p.m.
• Instructor: Liam M Paninski
  CULPA: 4 Info
• 3 points

EXOPHONIC WOMEN

Language is the writer’s instrument; what happens when there is more than one language to choose from, or when a dominant or initial language is replaced by another? What inspires, or necessitates, a writer to practice exophony: to migrate into “foreign” linguistic territory? And in the case of bilingual or plurilingual writers, what factors determine the language(s) chosen for creative expression, and what might cause that choice to shift over time? To what degree do exophonic writers create a third, hybrid language? And how might their works underscore the mutability and instability of language itself? This seminar will focus on a series of women who, either for political or personal reasons, have reshaped and revised their linguistic points of reference, radically questioning—and perhaps willfully subverting—notions of nationality, identity, linguistic normativity, and a “mother tongue”. Special attention will be paid to the reception of exophonic writers, to feminist narratives of separation and self-fashioning, to mother-daughter dyads, to cases of self-translation, to colonialist and post-colonialist frameworks, and to how the phenomenon of exophony further complicates, but also enriches, the translator’s task. Readings will combine literary texts with essays, interviews, and theoretical writings by and about exophonic writers. In addition to analytical papers, students will have the opportunity to experiment writing in another language and translating themselves into English. All readings will be in English; advanced reading knowledge of a foreign language is recommended but not required.

• Department: English @Barnard
• TR 2:40 p.m.-3:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Jhumpa Lahiri
  Wikipedia Info
• 3 points

Biochemistry

Prerequisites: 1 year of Introductory Biology, 1 year General Chemistry, and 1st semester Organic Chemistry.  Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes within organisms that give rise to the immense complexity of life. This complexity emerges from a highly regulated and coordinated flow of chemical energy from one biomolecule to another. This course serves to familiarize students with the spectrum of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, nucleic acids, etc.) as well as the fundamental chemical processes (glycolysis, citric acid cycle, fatty acid metabolism, etc.) that allow life to happen. The course will end with a discussion of diseases that have biochemical etiologies. In particular, this course will employ active learning techniques and critical thinking problem-solving to engage students in answering the question: how is the complexity of life possible? NOTE: While only the 1st semester of Organic Chemistry is listed as a pre-requisite, it is highly recommended that you take all of Organic Chemistry beforehand.

• Department: Biological Sciences
• T 7 p.m.-9:30 p.m.
• Instructor: Danny N Ho
  CULPA: 7 Info
• 3 points

WORKSHOP SUSTAINABLE DEVEL

Students address real-world issues in sustainable development by working in groups for an external client agency. Instruction in communication, collaboration, and management; meetings with and presentations to clients and academic community. Projects vary from year to year. Readings in the course are project-specific and are identified by the student research teams.

• Department: Environmental Sciences @Barnard
• TR 10:10 a.m.-noon
• 4 points

ADV LANGUAGE THROUGH CONTENT

FAVELA AND CARNAVAL

Corequisites: PORT UN1220 An intensive exposure to advanced points of Portuguese grammar and structure through written and oral practice, along with an introduction to the basic principles of academic composition in Portuguese. This course is required for the concentration in Portuguese Studies. This course is intended to improve Portuguese language skills in grammar, comprehension, and critical thinking through an archive of texts from literature, film, music, newspapers, critical reception and more. To do so, we will work through Portuguese-speaking communities and cultures from Brazil, to Portugal and Angola, during the twentieth and twenty-first century, to consider the mode in which genre, gender and sexuality materialize and are codified, disoriented, made, unmade and refigured through cultural productions, bodies, nation and resistant vernaculars of aesthetics and performance, always attentive to the intersections of gender with class and racism.

• Department: Latin American and Iberian Cultures
• TR 2:40 p.m.-3:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Jose A Castellanos-Pazos
  CULPA: 25 Info
• 3 points

ADV LANGUAGE THROUGH CONTENT

ADVANCED LANG THROUGH CONTENT

Prerequisites: SPAN UN2102 or AP score of 4 or 5; or SAT score. An intensive exposure to advanced points of Spanish grammar and structure through written and oral practice, along with an introduction to the basic principles of academic composition in Spanish. Each section is based on the exploration of an ample theme that serves as the organizing principle for the work done in class (Please consult the Directory of Classes for the topic of each section.) This course is required for the major and the concentration in Hispanic Studies. Formerly SPAN W3200 and SPAN BC3004. If you have taken either of these courses before you cannot take SPAN UN3300. All Columbia students must take Spanish language courses (UN 1101-3300) for a letter grade.

• Department: Latin American and Iberian Cultures
• MW 5:40 p.m.-6:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Aaron R Boalick
  Info
• 3 points

ADV LANGUAGE THROUGH CONTENT

BILINGUAL IDENTITIES

Prerequisites: SPAN UN2102 or AP score of 4 or 5; or SAT score. An intensive exposure to advanced points of Spanish grammar and structure through written and oral practice, along with an introduction to the basic principles of academic composition in Spanish. Each section is based on the exploration of an ample theme that serves as the organizing principle for the work done in class (Please consult the Directory of Classes for the topic of each section.) This course is required for the major and the concentration in Hispanic Studies. Formerly SPAN W3200 and SPAN BC3004. If you have taken either of these courses before you cannot take SPAN UN3300. All Columbia students must take Spanish language courses (UN 1101-3300) for a letter grade.

• Department: Latin American and Iberian Cultures
• TR 11:40 a.m.-12:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Francisca Aguilo Mora
  CULPA: 5 Info
• 3 points

ADV LANGUAGE THROUGH CONTENT

LGBT + CONTEXTS IN SPAIN

Prerequisites: SPAN UN2102 or AP score of 4 or 5; or SAT score. An intensive exposure to advanced points of Spanish grammar and structure through written and oral practice, along with an introduction to the basic principles of academic composition in Spanish. Each section is based on the exploration of an ample theme that serves as the organizing principle for the work done in class (Please consult the Directory of Classes for the topic of each section.) This course is required for the major and the concentration in Hispanic Studies. Formerly SPAN W3200 and SPAN BC3004. If you have taken either of these courses before you cannot take SPAN UN3300. All Columbia students must take Spanish language courses (UN 1101-3300) for a letter grade.

• Department: Latin American and Iberian Cultures
• TR 1:10 p.m.-2:25 p.m.
• Instructor: Francisco Rosales-Varo
  CULPA: 12 Info
• 3 points

ADV LANGUAGE THROUGH CONTENT

ADVANCED LANG THROUGH CONTENT

Prerequisites: SPAN UN2102 or AP score of 4 or 5; or SAT score. An intensive exposure to advanced points of Spanish grammar and structure through written and oral practice, along with an introduction to the basic principles of academic composition in Spanish. Each section is based on the exploration of an ample theme that serves as the organizing principle for the work done in class (Please consult the Directory of Classes for the topic of each section.) This course is required for the major and the concentration in Hispanic Studies. Formerly SPAN W3200 and SPAN BC3004. If you have taken either of these courses before you cannot take SPAN UN3300. All Columbia students must take Spanish language courses (UN 1101-3300) for a letter grade.

• Department: Latin American and Iberian Cultures
• TR 5:40 p.m.-6:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Juan Pablo Cominguez
  CULPA: 5 Info
• 3 points

ADV LANGUAGE THROUGH CONTENT

SPORTS,POLITICS,&IDENTITY

Prerequisites: SPAN UN2102 or AP score of 4 or 5; or SAT score. An intensive exposure to advanced points of Spanish grammar and structure through written and oral practice, along with an introduction to the basic principles of academic composition in Spanish. Each section is based on the exploration of an ample theme that serves as the organizing principle for the work done in class (Please consult the Directory of Classes for the topic of each section.) This course is required for the major and the concentration in Hispanic Studies. Formerly SPAN W3200 and SPAN BC3004. If you have taken either of these courses before you cannot take SPAN UN3300. All Columbia students must take Spanish language courses (UN 1101-3300) for a letter grade.

• Department: Spanish and Latin American Culture
• TR 10:10 a.m.-11:25 a.m.
• MW 11:40 a.m.-12:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Elga Castro
  Info
• 3 points

PLAYWRITING WORKSHOP

Prerequisites: Permission of the instructor given at first class meeting. Students will create and workshop plays, with a focus on learning new approaches to language and structure. Recommended for students undertaking a senior thesis in playwriting.

• Department: Theatre @Barnard
• M 4:10 p.m.-6 p.m.
• Instructor: Andrew Bragen
  Info
• 3 points

ADVANCED POETRY WORKSHOP

This poetry workshop is reserved for accomplished poetry writers and maintains the highest level of creative and critical expectations. Students will be encouraged to develop their strengths and to cultivate a distinctive poetic vision and voice but must also demonstrate a willingness to broaden their range and experiment with new forms and notions of the poem. A portfolio of poetry will be written and revised with the critical input of the instructor and the workshop. Please visit
https://arts.columbia.edu/writing/undergraduate
 for information about registration procedures.

• Department: Writing
• W 12:10 p.m.-2 p.m.
• Instructor: Ariel Yelen
  Info
• 3 points

THERMODYNAMICS

Classical thermodynamics. Basic properties and concepts, thermodynamic properties of pure substances, equation of state, work, heat, the first and second laws for flow and nonflow processes, energy equations, entropy, and irreversibility. Introduction to power and refrigeration cycles.

• Department: Mechanical Engineering
• TR 8:40 a.m.-9:55 a.m.
• Instructor: Arvind Narayanaswamy
  CULPA: 9 h-index: 26 Info
• 3 points

ADVANCED SWAHILI I

Prerequisites: SWHL UN2101-UN2102 or the instructor's permission. An introduction to the advanced syntactical, morphological, and grammatical structures of Swahili grammar; detailed analysis of Swahili texts; practice in conversation. No P/D/F or R credit is allowed for this class.

• Department: Middle Eastern, South Asian and African Studies
• MW 12:10 p.m.-2 p.m.
• Instructor: Abdul Nanji
  CULPA: 1 Info
• 4 points

ADVANCED WOLOF I

Prerequisites: Two years of Wolof or instructor permission. No P/D/F or R credit is allowed for this class

• Department: Middle Eastern, South Asian and African Studies
• TR 2:10 p.m.-4 p.m.
• Instructor: Mariame S Sy
  Info
• 4 points

LAB IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction to the use of molecular techniques to answer questions about subcellular biological phenomena. Techniques include isolation of genomic and plasmid DNAs, restriction enzyme analysis, DNA and protein electrophoresis, bacterial transformation, and plasmid subcloning.

• Department: Biological Sciences @Barnard
• W 1:10 p.m.-6 p.m.
• Instructor: Stephen L Sturley
  CULPA: 3 Info
• 3 points

IND STUDIES-CIVIL ENGIN-JUNIOR

A project on civil engineering subjects approved by the chairman of the department.

• Department: Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics
• Instructor: Raimondo Betti
  CULPA: 4 h-index: 31 Info
• Instructor: Adrian Brugger
  h-index: 4 Info
• Instructor: Gautam Dasgupta
  CULPA: 3 h-index: 19 Info
• Instructor: George Deodatis
  CULPA: 6 h-index: 42 Info
• Instructor: Xuan Di
  h-index: 15 Info
• Instructor: Maria Q Feng
  CULPA: 3 h-index: 46 Info
• Instructor: Jacob Fish
  CULPA: 1 Wikipedia h-index: 54 Info
• Instructor: Marco Giometto
  h-index: 9 Info
• Instructor: Shiho Kawashima
  h-index: 24 Info
• Instructor: Addis Kidane
  Info
• Instructor: Ioannis Kougioumtzoglou
  h-index: 26 Info
• Instructor: Hoe I Ling
  h-index: 45 Info
• Instructor: Marianna Maiaru
  Info
• Instructor: Ibrahim Odeh
  Info
• Instructor: Markus Schlaepfer
  Info
• Instructor: Andrew W Smyth
  CULPA: 3 Info
• Instructor: Waiching Sun
  CULPA: 1 h-index: 30 Info
• Instructor: Haim Waisman
  CULPA: 3 h-index: 29 Info
• Instructor: Huiming Yin
  CULPA: 1 h-index: 25 Info
• Instructor: Zhengbo Zou
  Info
• 1-3 points

IND STUDIES-CIVIL ENGIN-SENIOR

A project on civil engineering subjects approved by the chairman of the department.

• Department: Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics
• Instructor: Raimondo Betti
  CULPA: 4 h-index: 31 Info
• Instructor: Adrian Brugger
  h-index: 4 Info
• Instructor: Gautam Dasgupta
  CULPA: 3 h-index: 19 Info
• Instructor: George Deodatis
  CULPA: 6 h-index: 42 Info
• Instructor: Xuan Di
  h-index: 15 Info
• Instructor: Maria Q Feng
  CULPA: 3 h-index: 46 Info
• Instructor: Jacob Fish
  CULPA: 1 Wikipedia h-index: 54 Info
• Instructor: Marco Giometto
  h-index: 9 Info
• Instructor: Shiho Kawashima
  h-index: 24 Info
• Instructor: Addis Kidane
  Info
• 1-3 points