THE ART OF ENGINEERING

Bridge between the science-oriented, high school way of thinking and the engineering point of view. Fundamental concepts of math and science reviewed and re-framed in an engineering context; numerous examples of each concept drawn from all disciplines of engineering represented at Columbia. Non-technical issues of importance in professional engineering practice such as ethics, engineering project management, and societal impact.
Only open to Columbia Engineering first-year undergraduate students or second-year transfer students. Lab fee: $150.

• Department: Engineering
• F 11 a.m.-1 p.m.
• Instructor: David G Vallancourt
  CULPA: 28 Info
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY FILIPINO II

Introduction to Filipino with an emphasis on mastering basic skills and working vocabulary. Linguistic rules are applied to enable the student to communicate with more competence. Lessons incorporate discussions on history, current events, literature, pop culture, and native values. Includes field trips to Filipino neighborhoods in Queens and Jersey City. Note: This course is part of the language exchange program with New York University (NYU). Classes will be held at NYU.

• Department: Language Resource Center
• MW 2 p.m.-4:45 p.m.
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY FRENCH II

The aim of the beginning French sequence (French 1101 and French 1102) is to help you to develop an active command of the language. Emphasis is placed on acquiring the four language skills--listening, speaking, reading and writing--within a cultural context, in order to achieve basic communicative proficiency.

• Department: French
• MTWR 8:50 a.m.-9:55 a.m.
• TRF 10:10 a.m.-11:25 a.m.
• TRF 11:40 a.m.-12:55 p.m.
• MTWR 1:10 p.m.-2:15 p.m.
• TRF 2:40 p.m.-3:55 p.m.
• MWR 4:10 p.m.-5:25 p.m.
• MWR 6:10 p.m.-7:25 p.m.
• Instructor: Pascale Crepon
  CULPA: 10 Info
• Instructor: Samuel Skippon
  CULPA: 13 Info
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY GERMAN II

Prerequisites: GERM UN1101 or the equivalent. If you have prior German outside of Columbia’s language sequence, the placement exam is required. German 1102 is the continuation of Elementary German I (1101). It is a four-skill language course taught in German, in which students continue to develop listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills in German and an understanding of German-speaking cultures. Emphasis is placed on acquiring the four language skills--listening, speaking, reading and writing--within a cultural context. Students expand their communication skills to include travel, storytelling, personal well- being, basic economics, recent historical events, and working with movie segments. Completion of daily assignments, which align with class content, and consistent work are necessary in order to achieve basic communicative proficiency.

• Department: Germanic Languages
• TRF 11:40 a.m.-12:55 p.m.
• MTR 2:40 p.m.-3:55 p.m.
• MTR 4:10 p.m.-5:25 p.m.
• TR 6:10 p.m.-8 p.m.
• Instructor: Jutta Schmiers-Heller
  CULPA: 19 Info
• Instructor: Varol Kahveci
  Info
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY GREEK II

Prerequisites: GREK UN1101 or the equivalent, or the instructor or the director of undergraduate studies permission. Continuation of grammar study begun in GREK UN1101; selections from Attic prose.

• Department: Classics
• MWF 1:10 p.m.-2:25 p.m.
• MWF 9 a.m.-10:15 a.m.
• Instructor: Greta Gualdi
  Info
• 4 points

ELEMENT. MODERN GREEK II

Prerequisites: GRKM UN1101 or the equivalent. Continuation of GRKM UN1101. Introduction to modern Greek language and culture. Emphasis on speaking, writing, basic grammar, syntax, and cross-cultural analysis.

• Department: Classics
• MW 12:10 p.m.-2 p.m.
• Instructor: Nikolas Kakkoufa
  Info
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY HUNGARIAN II

Introduction to the basic structures of the Hungarian language. With the instructors permission the second term of this course may be taken without the first. Students with a schedule conflict should consult the instructor about the possibility of adjusting hours.

• Department: Italian
• TR 9:10 a.m.-11 a.m.
• Instructor: Carol H Rounds
  CULPA: 5 Info
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY INDONESIAN II

This course offers students an introduction to the basic structures of Bahasa Indonesia, a major language of Indonesia and South East Asia.

• Department: Language Resource Center
• MW 9:10 a.m.-11 a.m.
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY IRISH II

This course introduces students to the rudiments of the Irish language, including phonemes and pronunciation, syntactical structure, and verbal conjugations. In addition, a history of the language is provided, as well as a general introduction to Irish culture, including discussions of family and place names. Students are encouraged to begin speaking with basic sentence structures, eventually expanding into more complex verbal conjugations while concentrating on idiomatic expressions. The accumulation of vocabulary is stressed and students are introduced to basic literature in Irish while developing beginning conversational fluency.

• Department: Language Resource Center
• MW 11 a.m.-12:15 p.m.
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY ITALIAN II

Prerequisites: ITAL V1101 or the equivalent. Introduction to Italian grammar, with emphasis on reading, writing, listening and speaking skills.

• Department: Italian
• MWR 8:40 a.m.-9:55 a.m.
• MW 12:10 p.m.-2 p.m.
• TR 12:10 p.m.-2 p.m.
• Instructor: Alessandra Saggin
  CULPA: 4 Info
• 4 points

FIRST YEAR JAPANESE II

Prerequisites: JPNS C1101, F1101, or W1001-W1002, or the equivalent. Basic training in Japanese through speaking, listening, reading and writing in various cultural contexts.

• Department: East Asian Languages and Cultures
• MTWR 8:50 a.m.-9:55 a.m.
• MTWR 10:10 a.m.-11:15 a.m.
• MTWR 11:40 a.m.-12:45 p.m.
• MTWR 1:10 p.m.-2:15 p.m.
• MTWR 2:40 p.m.-3:45 p.m.
• MTWR 4:10 p.m.-5:15 p.m.
• Instructor: Mihoko Yagi
  Info
• Instructor: Fumiko Nazikian
  CULPA: 6 Info
• 5 points

ELEMENTARY KHMER II

This course is designed to bring students with no background to a point where they can perform most basic linguistic functions in Khmer, including greetings, likes/dislikes, telling about yourself, describing places and situations, all in appropriate time frames. The class uses a highly interactive classroom style, supplemented by extensive use of video - both prepared and student-produced - and other computer-assisted tools. Please note this course is offered by videoconferencing from Cornell as part of the Shared Course Initiative.

• Department: Language Resource Center
• R 6:30 p.m.-7:40 p.m.
• 4 points

FIRST YEAR KOREAN II

An introduction to written and spoken Korean. Textbook: Integrated Korean, Beginning I and II.

• Department: East Asian Languages and Cultures
• MTWR 10:10 a.m.-11:15 a.m.
• MTWR 11:40 a.m.-12:45 p.m.
• MTWR 1:10 p.m.-2:15 p.m.
• MTWR 2:40 p.m.-3:45 p.m.
• Instructor: Sue Yoon
  Info
• Instructor: Seunghyo Ryu
  Info
• Instructor: Ji Kim
  h-index: 2 Info
• Instructor: Joowon Suh
  Info
• 5 points

ELEMENTARY HAITIAN KREYOL II

This course introduces students to the language of Haitian Kreyòl, also called Creole, and is intended for students with little or no prior knowledge of the language. Haitian Kreyòl is spoken by Haiti’s population of nine million and by about one million Haitians in the U.S. Including over 190,000 in the New York City area. In fact, New York City has the second largest population of Kreyòl Speakers after Port--au--Prince, Haiti’s capital. Through this course, you will develop introductory speaking, reading, and writing skills. We use a communicative approach, balanced with grammatical and phonetic techniques. Classroom and textbook materials are complemented by work with film, radio, and especially music (konpa, rasin, twoubadou, rap, raga, levanjil, vodou tradisyonèl, etc.), as well as with visits to city museums and institutions related to Haiti. Note: This course is part of the language exchange program with New York University (NYU). Classes will be held at NYU.

• Department: Language Resource Center
• MWF 12:30 p.m.-1:45 p.m.
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY LATIN II

Prerequisites: LATN UN1101. A continuation of LATN UN1101, including a review of grammar and syntax for students whose study of Latin has been interrupted.

• Department: Classics
• TRF 10:10 a.m.-11:25 a.m.
• MW 6:10 p.m.-8 p.m.
• Instructor: Alessandra Migliara
  Info
• Instructor: Lien Van Geel
  CULPA: 1 Info
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY LATIN II

Prerequisites: LATN UN1101. A continuation of LATN UN1101, including a review of grammar and syntax for students whose study of Latin has been interrupted.

• Department: Auditing
• MW 6:10 p.m.-8 p.m.
• Instructor: Lien Van Geel
  CULPA: 1 Info
• 0 points

CALCULUS II

Prerequisites: MATH UN1101 or the equivalent. Methods of integration, applications of the integral, Taylors theorem, infinite series. (SC)

• Department: Mathematics @Barnard
• MW 10:10 a.m.-11:25 a.m.
• MW 2:40 p.m.-3:55 p.m.
• MW 8:40 a.m.-9:55 a.m.
• TR 1:10 p.m.-2:25 p.m.
• TR 2:40 p.m.-3:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Chris Ivanov
  Info
• Instructor: Lindsay C Piechnik
  CULPA: 15 Info
• Instructor: Lucy Yang
  Info
• Instructor: Tianqing Zhu
  Info
• 3 points

Elementary Nepali II

This course is a continuation of Nepali 110 and is intended for beginners of the Nepali language. The emphasis continues to be given on basic grammar, speaking, and comprehension skills, using culturally appropriate materials and texts. The study of the Devanagari script for reading and writing is continued.

• Department: Language Resource Center
• MTWR 9:05 a.m.-9:55 a.m.
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY POLISH II

Essentials of the spoken and written language. Prepares students to read texts of moderate difficulty by the end of the first year.

• Department: Slavic Languages
• TRF 1:10 p.m.-2:25 p.m.
• Instructor: Christopher Caes
  Info
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY PORTUGUESE II

Prerequisites: PORT W1101 or the equivalent. A course designed to acquaint students with the Portuguese verbal, prepositional, and pronominal systems. As a continuation of Elementary Portuguese I (PORT W1101), this course focuses on the uses of characteristic forms and expressions of the language as it is spoken and written in Brazil today.

• Department: Latin American and Iberian Cultures
• MW 2:10 p.m.-4 p.m.
• Instructor: Ana P Huback
  CULPA: 1 Info
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY PUNJABI II

Prerequisites: Shared course. Contact ck2831@columbia.edu for more Info. Introduction to Punjabi, a major language of northern India and Pakistan. Beginning with the study of the Gurmukhi script, the course offers an intensive study of the speaking, reading, and writing of the language.

• Department: Language Resource Center
• MW 6:10 p.m.-8 p.m.
• Instructor: Sandeep Singh
  Info
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY QUECHUA II

Quechua is the most important and most widely-distributed indigenous language in South America, with over 10 million speakers living from the high mountains to the tropical lowlands in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Those who speak it call the language runa simi or runa shimi, human speech. It was the principal language of the Inca empire and the key language of cultural interaction during the colonial era. Quechua has remained central to indigenous peoples efforts to preserve their cultural autonomy. It has gained greater force in recent years, during which indigenous movements have swept Quechua speakers into national politics, where they have succeeded in transforming constitutions to recognize cultural diversity, making Quechua an official language of state, and successfully promoting schooling in the language. Students who satisfactorily complete Elementary Quechua I and II will be well-prepared for intensive summer study at one of many summer study abroad programs in Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia that will put them in closer contact with the indigenous world.

• Department: Language Resource Center
• MWF 11 a.m.-12:15 p.m.
• 4 points

FIRST-YEAR RUSSIAN II

Grammar, reading, composition, and conversation.

• Department: Slavic Languages
• MTWR 8:50 a.m.-9:55 a.m.
• MTWR 10:10 a.m.-11:15 a.m.
• MTWR 11:40 a.m.-12:45 p.m.
• Instructor: Marina Grineva
  Info
• 5 points

ELEMENTARY SINHALA II

This course is designed to bring students with no background to a point where they can perform most basic linguistic functions in Sinhala, including greetings, likes/dislikes, telling about yourself, describing places and situations, all in appropriate time frames. The class uses a highly interactive classroom style, supplemented by extensive use of video – both prepared and student-produced – and other computer-assisted tools. Please note this course is offered by videoconferencing from Cornell as part of the Shared Course Initiative.

• Department: Language Resource Center
• R 9:30 a.m.-11:30 a.m.
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY SPANISH II

Prerequisites: SPAN UN1101 or a score of 280-379 on the department’s Spanish as a Second Language Placement exam. An intensive introduction to Spanish language communicative competence, with stress on basic oral interaction, reading, writing and cultural knowledge as a continuation of SPAN UN1101. The principal objectives are to understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of immediate relevance; communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a direct exchange of information on familiar matters; describe in simple terms aspects of our background and personal history; understand the main point, the basic content, and the plot of filmic as well as short written texts. All Columbia students must take Spanish language courses (UN 1101-3300) for a letter grade.

• Department: Latin American and Iberian Cultures
• MWR 2:40 p.m.-3:55 p.m.
• MWR 4:10 p.m.-5:25 p.m.
• MWR 5:40 p.m.-6:55 p.m.
• MWF 8:40 a.m.-9:55 a.m.
• MWF 10:10 a.m.-11:25 a.m.
• MWF 11:40 a.m.-12:55 p.m.
• TRF 8:40 a.m.-9:55 a.m.
• TRF 10:10 a.m.-11:25 a.m.
• TRF 11:40 a.m.-12:55 p.m.
• TRF 10:10 a.m.-11:25 a.m.
• TRF 11:40 a.m.-12:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Jose Placido Ruiz-Campillo
  Info
• 4 points

Intro to Statistics Recitation

This is only recitation for STAT UG1101. We are requesting 8 sections of recitation to align with the two sections of 1101 offered for Fall 2024.

• Department: Statistics
• M 12:10 p.m.-1 p.m.
• T 12:10 p.m.-1 p.m.
• T 4:10 p.m.-5 p.m.
• W 4:10 p.m.-5 p.m.
• R 5:10 p.m.-6 p.m.
• R 6:10 p.m.-7 p.m.
• 0 points

ELEMENTARY SWAHILI II

Essentials of grammar, basic vocabulary, practice in speaking and reading Swahili the most widely used indigenous language of East Africa. No P/D/F or R credit is allowed for this class.

• Department: Middle Eastern, South Asian and African Studies
• MTWR 10:10 a.m.-11 a.m.
• Instructor: Abdul Nanji
  CULPA: 1 Info
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY TELUGU II

• Department: Language Resource Center
• MTWRF 2:30 p.m.-3:20 p.m.
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY UKRAINIAN II

Designed for students with little or no knowledge of Ukrainian. Basic grammar structures are introduced and reinforced, with equal emphasis on developing oral and written communication skills. Specific attention to acquisition of high-frequency vocabulary and its optimal use in real-life settings.

• Department: Slavic Languages
• MWR 11:40 a.m.-12:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Yuri Shevchuk
  CULPA: 4 Info
• 4 points

FIRST YEAR VIETNAMESE II

Prerequisites: () VIET 1101 or equivalent This course introduces students to the linguistic and grammatical structures of Vietnamese, a major language of South East Asia. Language skills include listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Students will also be introduced to some aspects of Vietnamese life and culture.

• Department: East Asian Languages and Cultures
• MTWR 10:10 a.m.-11:15 a.m.
• Instructor: Chung Nguyen
  CULPA: 1 Info
• 5 points

ELEMENTARY WOLOF II

Introduction to the basic grammatical structures of Wolof, a major language of West Africa spoken in Senegal and Gambia. No P/D/F or R credit is allowed for this class.

• Department: Middle Eastern, South Asian and African Studies
• MTWR 12:10 p.m.-1 p.m.
• Instructor: Mariame S Sy
  Info
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY YORUBA II

This course is designed to bring students with no background to a point where they can perform most basic linguistic functions in Yoruba, including greetings, likes/dislikes, telling about yourself, describing places and situations, all in appropriate time frames. The class uses a highly interactive classroom style, supplemented by extensive use of video – both prepared and student-produced – and other computer-assisted tools. Please note this course is offered by videoconferencing from Cornell as part of the Shared Course Initiative.

• Department: Language Resource Center
• MTWR 10:10 a.m.-11 a.m.
• 4 points

ELEMENTARY ZULU II

Prerequisites: ZULU W1201-W1202 or the instructors permission. Introduces students to the basic structures of Zulu, a Bantu language spoken in South Africa, especially in the Zululand area of KwaZulu/Natal province.

• Department: Language Resource Center
• MTWRF 11:35 a.m.-12:25 p.m.
• 4 points

PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS

Corequisites: ECON UN1155 How a market economy determines the relative prices of goods, factors of production, and the allocation of resources and the circumstances under which it does it efficiently. Why such an economy has fluctuations and how they may becontrolled.

• Department: Economics
• MW 8:40 a.m.-9:55 a.m.
• TR 2:40 p.m.-3:55 p.m.
• MW 2:40 p.m.-3:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Sunil K Gulati
  CULPA: 113 Info
• Instructor: Waseem Noor
  CULPA: 7 Info
• Instructor: Lilia Maliar
  Info
• 4 points

THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION-DISC

• Department: Anthropology
• W 12:10 p.m.-1 p.m.
• T 10:10 a.m.-11 a.m.
• T 4:10 p.m.-5 p.m.
• R 4:10 p.m.-5 p.m.
• R 3:10 p.m.-4 p.m.
• W 4:10 p.m.-5 p.m.
• M 4:10 p.m.-5 p.m.
• R 2:10 p.m.-3 p.m.
• Instructor: Wilmer I Falcon
  Info
• Instructor: Anselm Kizza-Besigye
  Info
• Instructor: Ahmed Z Mitiche
  h-index: 0 Info
• 0 points

Elementary Spanish for Heritage Speakers

Elem Spanish Heritage Spe

Prerequisites: Scoring at this level on the department’s Spanish as a Heritage Language Placement test (https://columbia-barnard.vega-labs.com).

The principal aim of SPAN UN1108 is to build upon and further develop the informal knowledge of Spanish that heritage learners bring to the classroom—usually from family and neighborhood exposure to the language—and cultivate formal speaking, listening, reading, and writing abilities. Students are not expected to have any academic training in written Spanish prior to enrolling in this course.

Spanish heritage language courses at Columbia/Barnard focus on the development of communicative abilities and literacy from sociolinguistic and sociocultural approaches. Throughout the semester, students will be reviewing spelling patterns, building vocabulary, acquiring and effectively using learning strategies, and strengthening composition skills in Spanish. Cultural projects and readings reinforce learners’ understanding of the multiple issues related to Hispanic cultures in the United States and in other Spanish-speaking societies.

• Department: Latin American and Iberian Cultures
• TRF 10:10 a.m.-11:25 a.m.
• Instructor: Diana Romero
  CULPA: 27 Info
• 4 points

POLITICAL THEORY I

This course considers key questions at the foundation of political thought.  What is justice?  How do we justify the coercive power of states? Do we have an obligation to obey the government? Who should make and enforce the law?  What basic rights and liberties should governments protect? How should our economic system produce and divide wealth and material resources?  What are the claims of excluded or marginalized groups and how can these claims be addressed?   We explore these questions through the works of several classical and contemporary political thinkers.  A major goal of the course is to practice the skills needed to understand a political thinker’s arguments and to construct one’s own.

BEGINNING IN FALL 2025, BARNARD STUDENTS WISHING TO TAKE POLITICAL THEORY FOR INTRO CREDIT TOWARD THE MAJOR MUST TAKE POLS-BC1110. If Barnard students enroll in POLS-UN2101, the course will only count toward their major as elective credit.

Columbia College students who take POLS-BC1110 can only apply the course toward their major for elective credit.

Students may not get credit for more than one of the following courses:  POLS BC1110, POLS UN1101, or POLS-UN2101.

• Department: Political Science @Barnard
• TR 11:40 a.m.-12:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Alyssa Battistoni
  Info
• 4 points

BEHAVIORAL BIOL-DISC

• Department: Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology
• W 6:10 p.m.-7 p.m.
• F 11:10 a.m.-noon
• Instructor: Marina Cords
  CULPA: 19 Info
• 0 points

A BARNARD EDUCATION AT WORK

Per its mission statement, “Barnard College aims to provide the highest-quality liberal arts
education to promising and high-achieving young women… They graduate prepared to lead
lives that are professionally satisfying and successful, personally fulfilling, and enriched by a love
of learning.” This course finds its roots in the connection posited here, between undergraduate
study and professional life. Students will be asked to revisit a foundational text they have
encountered in their major, and use it as a mode of exploration and reflection on an internship.
They will consider how the text’s themes and ideas can be reinterpreted and recontextualized in
the working world, and think about what practical, moral, political, aesthetic and personal
insights it affords. More broadly, students will be prompted to consider the relationship of the
liberal arts degree (which purports to prepare students for no particular career) to their chosen
career path. This course will further hone the critical thinking and writing skills that are
translatable to any profession, and enables a Barnard student to put into practice the
complexities they have learned in the classroom, by encouraging them to analyze the
professional world from different perspectives, and in the context of other ideas and traditions.
The text will be selected from a list provided by the student’s major department, and will be
subject to approval from the course instructor.
On a weekly basis, in this discussion-based class, the student shares their ideas about their text
and how it relates to their internship. They respond to and engage with their classmates. They
are required to spend about two hours with their text per week. They are also required to
create a presentation, to be shared with the full group. The group is also
responsible for providing feedback on the presentation. The presentation ultimately evolves
into a final paper that explores the line of inquiry from their text as it is
instantiated in their work experience. Students are graded on their discussion (40%),
presentation (25%), and final paper (35%).

• Department: Barnard College
• R 5:40 p.m.-6:55 p.m.
• Instructor: Laurie Postlewate
  CULPA: 17 Info
• 1 points

MELLON MAYS UNDERGRADUATE FELLOWSHIP JUN

MMUF JUNIOR YEAR COLLOQUI

This is a course designed for the students enrolled in the Mellon Mays Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program.  It should be taken fall and spring semesters of a student's third and fourth years at the college (for a total of 6 course credits total over the two years). The goal of this course is to become familiar with academic research and writing, as well as the  culture of colleges/ universities in order to prepare students to apply to graduate school and earn the PhD.. The program hones academic writing skills (research papers, project and grant proposals, academic reflections designed to facilitate intentional goal setting and planning), teaches skills related to scholarly presentations (oral and written), as well as familiarizes students with academic culture in particular diversity, equity and inclusion issues and concerns in the academy. Students are expected to attend all the events and meetings associated with the program.

• Department: Barnard College
• F noon-2 p.m.
• Instructor: Lisa Jahn
  Info
• 1.5 points

SODB:FIRST AND SECOND YR SEM

SODB: FIRST AND SECOND YR SEM

This is a course designed for the students enrolled in the Barbara Silver Horowitz ’55 Scholars of Distinction program. It should be taken fall and spring semesters of a students first and second years at the college (for a total of 4 course credits total over the two years). Each month is organized around an outing (or several outings) with readings and guest speakers to complement the outing. Students are expected to attend all the events and meetings. Each student will also produce a blog post connected to or inspired by each event. These posts will appear on the Barnard College website dedicated to the program. Blog posts do not have to cover the event per se, they might, for example, attend to ancillary issues raised by the event or topics raised by the accompanying readings.

• Department: Scholars of Distinction @Barnard
• M 4:10 p.m.-6 p.m.
• 1 points

Elementary American Sign Language (ASL)

ELEMENTARY ASL II

This course is an introduction to the basic skills in developing production and comprehension skills in American Sign Language (ASL). Students will learn ASL vocabulary, structure, and grammar. Course content also includes the manual alphabet and numbers. Students will develop basic conversational abilities, culturally appropriate behaviors, and learn about the culture and history of Deaf communities.

• Department: American Studies @Barnard
• MWF 8:40 a.m.-9:55 a.m.
• Instructor: Kailyn Aaron-Lozano
  Info
• 4 points